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Physiology Hilary > 3. Ventilation > Flashcards

3. Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Minute ventilation =

A
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2
Q

Normal respiration rate

A

12 breaths/min

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3
Q

Normal Vt =

A

500 mL

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4
Q

Normal minute ventilation =

A

500 mL x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min

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5
Q

What is more important alveolar or pulmonary ventilation?

A

Alveolar ventilation

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6
Q

Is alveolar ventilation more or less than pulmonary ventilation and why?

A

Less than pulmonary ventilation due to anatomic dead space.

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7
Q

Alveolar ventilation =

A

(tidal volume – dead space) x respiratory rate

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8
Q

Airway resistant - generation vs resistance

A
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9
Q

Airway resistance conductance, lung volume, resistance diagram

A
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9
Q

Airway resistance conductance, lung volume, resistance diagram

A
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10
Q

Local controls to match airflow to blood flow - blood flow > airflow diagram

A
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11
Q

Local controls to match airflow to blood flow - airflow > blood flow diagram

A
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12
Q

Regional ventilation and perfusion rates and ventilation-perfusion ratios in the lungs. Diagram

A
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13
Q

Ventilation and perfusion rates and ventilation-perfusion ratios at top and bottom of lungs. Diagram

A
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14
Q

Two main classifications of respiratory disease

A
  • Obstuctive

- Restrictive

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15
Q

X 4 points about obstructive

A

– Airway narrowing
– Increased airway resistance
– Reduced flow during expiration
– Examples: emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma.

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16
Q

x 4 points about restrictive

A

– Reduced compliance
– Scar tissue formation
– Fibrosis
– Examples: pulmonary fibrosis

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17
Q

Other respiratory conditions x 4

A
  • Diseases impairing diffusion of O2 and CO2
  • Neuromuscular disorders
  • Inadequate perfusion
  • Ventilation-perfusion imbalances
18
Q

FEV1.0 meaning

A

Force expired volume in 1 sec

19
Q

FVC meaning

A

Forced vital capacity

20
Q

FEV1.0/FVC is the…

A

disease index (i.e. <80%)

21
Q

Forced expired volumes in normal, obstructive and restrictive disease

A
22
Q

Obstructive I

A
  • Airway hyper-reactivity
  • Reversible airway narrowing
  • Mucous thickening
  • Smooth muscle constriction by spasms in small airways
  • Most common childhood respiratory disease
23
Q

Obstructive I causes

A
  • Allergens, pollens, animal fur, dusts
  • Smoking, smog & airborne pollutants
  • Changes in air temperature, humidity, pressure
  • Exercise
  • Emotional stress, anxiety
24
Q

Treatment for obstructive I

A

Bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory, O2

25
Q

Obstructive II (x 4)

A
  • Inflammation of airway walls
  • Excessive mucous production
  • Airway narrowing and coughing (but cough cannot get rid of mucous)
  • Reversible
26
Q

Obstructive II causes

A
  • Bacterial & viral infections
  • Smoking
  • Airborne pollutants
  • Chronic irritation (eg: miners)
27
Q

Is obstructive III reversible?

A

No irresversible

28
Q

What happens in obstructive III? x 3

A
  • Destruction of alveolar walls (collapsing of small airways)
  • Enlargement of air spaces
  • Increased lung compliance
29
Q

Where does enlargement of air spaces occur in obstructive III?

A

Primarily distal to terminal bronchioles

30
Q

What does increased lung compliance occur via?

A
  • Destruction of elastic fibres
  • Excessive release of enzymes: trypsin
    o Macrophages secrete α anti-trypsin to inhibit trypsin (but with chronic irritation, trypsin can break alveolar walls)
  • Reduced elastic recoil of the lung
31
Q

Causes of obstructive III x 4

A
  • Smoking induced inflammation
  • Cilia destruction, tar accumulation
  • Airborne contaminants
  • Genetic: lack of α anti-trypsin production
32
Q

How many disorders does restrictive I result from ?

A

Over 130

33
Q

Causes of restrictive I x 4

A
  • No known cause in 2/3 of all cases
  • Asbestos fibre breathing (can also cause lung cancer)
  • Inflammation
  • Scar tissue formation
34
Q

Patient type in restrictive I

A

Slim patient

35
Q

What occurs during restrictive I?

A
  • Reduced elasticity
  • Reduced compliance of lung and chest wall
  • Increased work of breathing
36
Q

Restrictive I disease

A

Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease (DILL)

37
Q

Disease characteristics chart

A
38
Q

Abnormal Spirograms Associated with Obstructive and Restrictive Lung Diseases

A
39
Q

Spirometry I

A
40
Q

Spirometry - II

A
41
Q

Flow-Volume Loop x 1

A
42
Q

Flow-Volume Loop x 3

A

Physiology Hilary (12 decks)

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