1. Organisation of cardiac

Question 1

Avg resting pulse

Answer 1

70bpm

Question 2

Risk factors for CVD

Answer 2

• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Unhealthy diet
• Diabetes
• Tobacco
• Kidney disease
• Harmful use of alcohol
• Overweight and obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Air pollution

Question 3

Basic function of cardiovascular system

Answer 3

To provide adequate blood flow to all body organs & tissues

Question 4

Regulation of cardiovascular system x 2

Answer 4

• Hormones

- Thermoregulation (skin, blood vessels)

Question 5

Protection cardiovascular system

Answer 5

• Blood clotting (protects against haemorrhage)

- Pathogens (immune system)

Question 6

Transport of substances in cardiovascular system

Answer 6

Respiratory: oxygen & carbon dioxide
Nutritive: absorbed products of digestion
Excretory: metabolic wastes delivered to liver and kidneys
Regulation & protection: Hormones, immune cells, clotting proteins to specific target cells

Question 7

3 fundamental components of cardiovascular system and function

Answer 7

1. Heart: pumps blood at high pressure
2. Blood: transport medium in which materials to be transported are dissolved or suspended.
3. Blood vessels (vasculature) : passageways to distribute blood to all parts of the body and return it to the heart: a. arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Question 8

Plasma constituents (55% of total blood volume)

Answer 8

• Water
• Dissolved solutes e.g. Ions
• Plasma proteins
• Other components e.g. metabolites, hormones, enzymes, antibodies.

Question 9

Specialised cellular elements (45%) of blood

Answer 9

• Erythrocytes (RBC’s) – transport O2
• Leukocytes (WBC’s) – immunity/defence
• Platelets – blood coagulation/clotting

Question 10

What are the two circulations / loops?

Answer 10

• Systemic circulation

- Pulmonary circulation

Question 11

Where does systemic circulation occur?

Answer 11

Between the heart and all body systems - supplies most and tissues

Question 12

Where does pulmonary circulation occur?

Answer 12

Between the heart and lungs

Question 13

What are the two pumps called?

Answer 13

• Systemic pump (left

- Pulmonary pump (right)

Question 14

Where does the systemic (left) propel blood?

Answer 14

Around the systemic circuit

Question 15

Where does the pulmonary (right) propel blood ?

Answer 15

Around the pulmonary circuit

Question 16

What is the systemic circuit comprised of?

Answer 16

Many parallel circuits

Question 17

Which pump (side of heart) is stronger and why?

Answer 17

Left pump as it is a high pressure circuit

Question 18

What does the parallel flow of the systemic circuit allow for?

Answer 18

Independent regulation of blood flow to organs

Question 19

Where does the pulmonary circuit propel blood around?

Answer 19

The pulmonary circuit

Question 20

Which circuit (side) is low pressure circuit?

Answer 20

Right heart = weaker pump

Question 21

What is cardiac output?

Answer 21

Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle of the heart each minute.

Question 22

CO =

Answer 22

SV x HR

Question 23

What is flow rate (F)

Answer 23

The volume of blood passing through per unit of time.

Question 24

What is flow rate directly/indirectly proportional to?

Answer 24

• Directly proportional to the pressure gradient (P)

- Inversely proportional to vascular resistance (R)

Question 25

F =

Answer 25

ΔP/R ΔP = pressure gradient R = resistance of blood vessels

Question 26

What is the pressure gradient?

Answer 26

``` The DIFFERENCE (Δ) in pressure between the beginning and the end of a blood vessel. ‒ Blood flows from an area of high pressure to low pressure. ```

Question 27

What is resistance?

Answer 27

A measure of opposition / hindrance to blood flow through the vessel. ‒ As resistance increases, flow rate decreases. Pressure gradient must therefore increase correspondingly to maintain flow rate

Question 28

What is flow rate driven by?

Answer 28

Properties of the heart and blood vessels

Question 29

What does the heart do to drive flow rate?

Answer 29

Provides pulsatile driving force i.e. it is a pump (on – off – on – off)

Question 30

Heart input =

Answer 30

Heart output

Question 31

Venous return =

Answer 31

Cardiac output

Question 32

What do the blood vessels provide to drive flow rate?

Answer 32

Provide resistance to flow via vessel radius

Question 33

Why is it important that the radius of arterioles can be regulated?

Answer 33

As it is a key factor in controlling resistance to blood flow throughout the vascular circuit, and thus the distribution of CO.

Question 34

What is total peripheral resistant (TPR) a sum of?

Answer 34

The resistance of all peripheral vasculature (i.e. all organ circuits) in the systemic circulation.

Question 35

How does the body enusre that the metabolioc needs of all cells are met? x 4

Answer 35

• Through optimal functioning of the CVS • Function integrated with that of other organ systems (respiratory, renal, digestive etc) • Sub-optimal functioning: disease results • Diseases and disorders of heart and/or vasculature compromise blood flow to organs