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Physiology Hilary > 1. Organisation of cardiac > Flashcards

1. Organisation of cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Avg resting pulse

A

70bpm

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2
Q

Risk factors for CVD

A
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Diabetes
  • Tobacco
  • Kidney disease
  • Harmful use of alcohol
  • Overweight and obesity
  • Physical inactivity
  • Air pollution
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3
Q

Basic function of cardiovascular system

A

To provide adequate blood flow to all body organs & tissues

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4
Q

Regulation of cardiovascular system x 2

A
  • Hormones

- Thermoregulation (skin, blood vessels)

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5
Q

Protection cardiovascular system

A
  • Blood clotting (protects against haemorrhage)

- Pathogens (immune system)

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6
Q

Transport of substances in cardiovascular system

A

Respiratory: oxygen & carbon dioxide
Nutritive: absorbed products of digestion
Excretory: metabolic wastes delivered to liver and kidneys
Regulation & protection: Hormones, immune cells, clotting proteins to specific target cells

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7
Q

3 fundamental components of cardiovascular system and function

A
  1. Heart: pumps blood at high pressure
  2. Blood: transport medium in which materials to be transported are dissolved or suspended.
  3. Blood vessels (vasculature) : passageways to distribute blood to all parts of the body and return it to the heart: a. arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
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8
Q

Plasma constituents (55% of total blood volume)

A
  • Water
  • Dissolved solutes e.g. Ions
  • Plasma proteins
  • Other components e.g. metabolites, hormones, enzymes, antibodies.
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9
Q

Specialised cellular elements (45%) of blood

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBC’s) – transport O2
  • Leukocytes (WBC’s) – immunity/defence
  • Platelets – blood coagulation/clotting
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10
Q

What are the two circulations / loops?

A
  • Systemic circulation

- Pulmonary circulation

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11
Q

Where does systemic circulation occur?

A

Between the heart and all body systems - supplies most and tissues

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12
Q

Where does pulmonary circulation occur?

A

Between the heart and lungs

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13
Q

What are the two pumps called?

A
  • Systemic pump (left

- Pulmonary pump (right)

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14
Q

Where does the systemic (left) propel blood?

A

Around the systemic circuit

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15
Q

Where does the pulmonary (right) propel blood ?

A

Around the pulmonary circuit

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16
Q

What is the systemic circuit comprised of?

A

Many parallel circuits

17
Q

Which pump (side of heart) is stronger and why?

A

Left pump as it is a high pressure circuit

18
Q

What does the parallel flow of the systemic circuit allow for?

A

Independent regulation of blood flow to organs

19
Q

Where does the pulmonary circuit propel blood around?

A

The pulmonary circuit

20
Q

Which circuit (side) is low pressure circuit?

A

Right heart = weaker pump

21
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle of the heart each minute.

22
Q

CO =

A

SV x HR

23
Q

What is flow rate (F)

A

The volume of blood passing through per unit of time.

24
Q

What is flow rate directly/indirectly proportional to?

A
  • Directly proportional to the pressure gradient (P)

- Inversely proportional to vascular resistance (R)

25
Q

F =

A

ΔP/R
ΔP = pressure gradient
R = resistance of blood vessels

26
Q

What is the pressure gradient?

A 
The DIFFERENCE (Δ) in pressure between the beginning and the end of a blood vessel.
‒ Blood flows from an area of high pressure to low pressure.
27
Q

What is resistance?

A

A measure of opposition / hindrance to blood flow through the vessel.
‒ As resistance increases, flow rate decreases. Pressure gradient must therefore increase correspondingly to maintain flow rate

28
Q

What is flow rate driven by?

A

Properties of the heart and blood vessels

29
Q

What does the heart do to drive flow rate?

A

Provides pulsatile driving force i.e. it is a pump (on – off – on – off)

30
Q

Heart input =

A

Heart output

31
Q

Venous return =

A

Cardiac output

32
Q

What do the blood vessels provide to drive flow rate?

A

Provide resistance to flow via vessel radius

33
Q

Why is it important that the radius of arterioles can be regulated?

A

As it is a key factor in controlling resistance to blood flow throughout the vascular circuit, and thus the distribution of CO.

34
Q

What is total peripheral resistant (TPR) a sum of?

A

The resistance of all peripheral vasculature (i.e. all organ circuits) in the systemic circulation.

35
Q

How does the body enusre that the metabolioc needs of all cells are met? x 4

A

• Through optimal functioning of the CVS
• Function integrated with that of other organ systems (respiratory, renal, digestive etc)
• Sub-optimal functioning: disease results
• Diseases and disorders of heart and/or vasculature
compromise blood flow to organs

Physiology Hilary (12 decks)

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