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Physiology Hilary > 1. Organisation of Respiratory System > Flashcards

1. Organisation of Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general function of respiration?

A

To obtain O2 for use by the body’s cells and to eliminate the CO2 the body cells produce

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2
Q

What are the two separate processes of respiration?

A
  • Internal respiration

- External respiration (4 processes)

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3
Q

What is involved in internal respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

What is involved in external respiration?

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmosphere and body tissues

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5
Q

What does cellular respiration refer to?

A

Refers to metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria, which use O2 and produce CO2, while deriving energy from nutrient molecules

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6
Q

External and internal respiration diagram

A
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7
Q

Secondary functions of respiration x 7

A
  1. Short term regulation of pH (acid-base balance)
  2. Enabling speech, singing, and other vocalizations
  3. Help in defense against pathogens in the airways
  4. Removes, modifies, activates (i.e. angiotensin II), or inactivates (i.e. prostaglandins) various materials passing through the pulmonary circulation
  5. Eliminates heat and water
  6. Assist venous return
  7. Nose serves as the organ of smell
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8
Q

Upper airways x 3

A
  • Nasal cavity (nose)
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx (common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems)
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9
Q

Airways from pharynx to lungs x 3

A
  • Larynx
  • Conducting zone
  • Respiratory zone
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10
Q

Conducting zone and respiratory zone diagram

A
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11
Q

List x 6 structures of the conducting zone

A
  • Trachea
  • Primary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi
  • Tertiary bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
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12
Q

Diameter, length of trachea

A

2.5 cm diameter, 10 cm long

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13
Q

What makes up the trachea?

A

C-shaped bands of cartilage for structural rigidity

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14
Q

How many secondary bronchi are there?

A

– Right side - 3 (to 3 lobes of right lung)

– Left side - 2 (to 2 lobes of left lung)

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15
Q

How much branching in tertiary bronchi?

A

20-23 orders of branching

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16
Q

How many tubules in tertiary bronchi?

A

Up to 8 million

17
Q

Bronchioles - is cartilage present? what is there instead?

A

No cartilage, risk of collapse.

To prevent: walls of elastic fibres + smooth muscle

18
Q

Air passageway

A

150 mL volume = dead space volume

19
Q

Functions of the conducting zone x 3

A
  • Air passageway
  • Increase air temperature to body temperature
  • Humidify air
20
Q

Cells of the conducting zone and functions

A

• Goblet cells – secret mucus and traps foreign particles
• Ciliated cells – propel the mucus up the glottis to be
swallowed or expelled
• Process: Mucus escalator

21
Q

Structures of the respiratory zone x 4

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli
22
Q

Function of the Respiratory Zone

A

• Exchange of gases between air and blood by diffusion

23
Q

Epithelium of the Respiratory Zone

A

Respiratory membrane
– Epithelial cells of alveoli
– Endothelial cells of capillary

24
Q

Detail chart of cells, structures etc (to have a general idea)

A
25
Q

Alveoli (site)

A

The site of gas exchange

26
Q

How many alveoli?

A

300-500 million alveoli/lung (tennis court size): facilitate gas exchange.

27
Q

Blood supply of alveoli

A

Rich blood supply- capillaries form sheet over alveoli

28
Q

What permits airflow between adjacent alveoli? (collateral ventilation)

A

Pores of Kohn

29
Q

3 cells types in alveoli

A
  • Type I alveolar cells
  • Type II alveolar cells
  • Alveolar macrophages
30
Q

Type I alveolar cells location/type

A

Make up wall of alveoli, single layer epithelial cells

31
Q

Type II alveolar cells function

A
  • Secrete surfactant
  • Reduces surface tension in alveolar walls
  • Helps prevent alveolar collapse
32
Q

Function of alveolar macrophages

A

Removes foreign particles

33
Q

Respiratory membrane ‘function’

A

Barrier for diffusion

34
Q

Respiratory membrane structures + cell makeup

A

– Alveoli: Type 1 cells + basement membrane

– Capillaries: Endothelial cells + basement membrane

35
Q

Respiratory membrane thickness

A

0.2 microns thick

Physiology Hilary (12 decks)

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