#3 Urological system

Question 1

Explain Acute Cystitis

Answer 1

An inflammation of the bladder, the most common site of a UTI

Question 2

Explain Acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 2

Inflammation of the glomerulus. Which is caused by a variety of factors, including immunological abnormalities, ischaemia, drugs, toxins, vascular issues and diabetes.

Question 3

Explain Calculi

Answer 3

also known as urinary stones. Are masses of crystals, protein or other substances that
are common causes of urinary tract obstruction.

Question 4

Diuretic

Answer 4

is any agent that enhances the flow of urine. Clinically, diuretics interfere
with renal sodium reabsorption and reduce extracellular fluid volume.

Question 5

Enuresis

Answer 5

refers to the involuntary passage of urine by a child who is beyond the
age when voluntary bladder control should have been acquired. In 80% of children
enuresis occurs at night only and is called nocturnal enuresis.

Question 6

Loop Diuretics

Answer 6

inhibitors of loop sodium or chloride transport, which decrease
reabsorption and therefore increases urine volume

Question 7

Oliguria

Answer 7

Low urine output

Question 8

Prostate enlargement

Answer 8

inhibitors of loop sodium or chloride transport, which decrease
reabsorption and therefore increases urine volume

Question 9

Thiazide diuretics

Answer 9

blocks sodium and chloride reabsorption; mildly suppresses
carbonic anhydrase.

Question 10

Urinary incontinence

Answer 10

involuntary loss of urine. Can be urge, stress, overflow,
mixed or functional incontinence

Question 11

UTI

Answer 11

is an inflammation of the urinary epithelium
usually caused by bacteria from gastrointestinal flora. A UTI can occur anywhere
along the urinary tract including the urethra, prostate, bladder, ureter or kidney.

Question 12

Brand name, indications, drug class, mechanism of action and physiological effect of Frusemide

Answer 12

Lasix, treatment of oedema, class of diuretic (loop)

Question 13

Aetiology of Cystitis

Answer 13

• E.Coli accounts (70-95%)
• IDC’s
• Female (short urethra)
• Ageing (incontinence etc)
• Diabetes
• Previous UTI’s
• Sexually active
• Pregnancy

Question 14

Pathophysiology Cystitis

Answer 14

• Results in inflammatory response (Increased blood flow to the area, vasodilation, rupture of blood vessels)
• Increased vascular permeability causing oedema, stretch receptors, resp for urgency, frequency or feeling of bladder fullness
• leukocyte phagocytosis and production of antibodies

Question 15

Clinical manifestations of Cystitis

Answer 15

• Pain on urination
• Dysuria
• Pain in abdomen
• Bladder Fullness
• Fatigue, fever + chills
• foul smelling, cloudy urine
• Haematuria

Question 16

Routine investigations + Findings for cystitis

Answer 16

• MC+S
• Urinalysis, testing for protein, blood, leucocytes, specific gravity and nitrite
• Imaging CT, MRI, cystoscopy FOR nephritis, abscess formation and calculi
• Bladder Scan for urinary retention assess.