#2 Immune Dysfunction and Cellular injury

Question 1

Describe Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 1

Major source of energy for the cell

Question 2

Describe Aerobic Respiration

Answer 2

Refers to the production of ATP in the presence of oxygen. The process produces large amounts of ATP, with Carbon dioxide and water as by-products.

Question 3

Describe Anaerobic respiration

Answer 3

produces ATP without oxygen by breaking down carbohydrate, with lactic acid as the by-product

Question 4

Describe Apoptosis

Answer 4

Is an active process of cellular self-destruction, called programmed cell death (skin does this). Happens in skin, mouth, menstrual cycle, embryo formation, parkinsons, Alzhiemers.

Question 5

Describe cellular injury

Answer 5

Normal cellular homeostasis not maintained

Question 6

Describe Cell Hypoxia

Answer 6

Lack of cellular oxygen causes an increase in anaerobic respiration, leading to a lack of sodium and potassium transport across the cell membrane.

Question 7

Describe irreversible cell injury

Answer 7

the point of no return in which the cell dies, for example apoptosis and necrosis.

Question 8

Describe ischaemia

Answer 8

A reduction in blood flow to the cells, starving cells of 01 and nutrients - thrombus, plaque, trauma, intestinal wall (due to blockage)

Question 9

Describe cell necrosis

Answer 9

cellular death leading to cell dissolution (cell breaking up)

Question 10

Describe reversible cellular injury

Answer 10

Cell can recover - eg Ischaemia

Question 11

Causes of Hypoxia

Answer 11

Problems with oxygen entering the blood
1.) RESP- Asthma, COPD, emphysema, bronchitis, trauma, upper airway OB (choking + laryngospasm)
2.) CARDIO - Arrythmias, valve disease, congenitial, cardiomyopathy, anaemia, bleeding, anaphylaxis, sepsis, blockages of arteries (CAD, DVT, myocardial infarsion)
3.) NUTRITION - Diabetes, Cholesterol, anaemia, obesity/anorexia
4.) PHYSICAL - trauma, UV radiation, chemo, atmospheric radiation, imaging, atmospheric pressure, frostbite.

Question 12

Describe process of cellular death

Answer 12

atp depletion - free radical buildup - intracellular calcium - cellular swelling - failure of NA K pump - increased intracellular lipids - Glycogen used - lactic produced - cell death.

Question 13

Allergy definition ?

Answer 13

A condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance.

Question 14

Allergy aetiology

Answer 14

a mistaken identity of a foreign substance. Is genetic and very common (1 in 5 australians have one)

Question 15

Allergy symptoms

Answer 15

runny nose, hives, rash, trouble breathing, headache, red eyes, wheezy cough, swelling tounge

Question 16

pathophysiology allergy

Answer 16

Allergin - immunoglobin produced - antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals such as histamine which increases the permeability and distension of blood capillaries

Question 17

treatment for allergies

Answer 17

Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
corticosteroids
anti-histamines