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YR2 - Clinical Psychology and Mental Health > 3. Understanding Trauma > Flashcards

3. Understanding Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

Trauma is when we experience very s____, f____ or d____ events that are difficult to c____ with or out of our c____. It could be on i____, or an o____ events that happens over a l____ period of time.

A

stressful, frightening, distressing
cope, control
incident, ongoing, long

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2
Q

Trauma is an e____ that poses a t____ to l____ of the p____ or s____ e____

A

event
threat
life
person
someone else

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3
Q

According to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), trauma events associated with the development of PTSD include e____ or w____ s____, r____ or m____ events

A

experiencing, witnessing
single, repeated, multiple

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4
Q

When we are under c____ threat, our emotional brain becomes o____-r____ in order to keep us s____, whilst the thinking brain is u____-d____

A

constant
over-reactive
safe
under-developed

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5
Q

Some common diagnoses after trauma are:
1. P____ T____ S____ D____
2. C____ P____ T____ S____ D____
3. E____ U____ P____ D____
4. P____
5. B____ D____

A
  1. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  2. Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD)
  3. Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD)
  4. Psychosis
  5. Bipolar Disorder
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6
Q

PTSD is a type of a____ disorder which you may develop after being i____ in, or w____ traumatic events

A

anxiety
involved, witnessing

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7
Q

A common PTSD symptoms R____-e____. This involves:
- F____
- N____
- I____ thoughts or images
- I____ d____ following r____ or s____ reminders of the trauma
- P____ sensations

A

Re-experiencing
- Flashbacks
- Nightmares
- Intrusive thoughts or images
- Intense distress following real or symbolic reminders of the trauma
- Physical sensations (pain, trembling, nausea…)

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8
Q

A flashback is a v____ experience in which the person relives some a____ of a traumatic event or feel as if it is h____ r____ n____. This can sometimes be like w____ a v____ of what happened. There can be i____ i____ that are not flashbacks

A

vivid
happening right now
watching a video
intrusive images

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9
Q

A common PTSD symptom is a____/ feeling o____ e____

A

altertness
on edge

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10
Q

A common PTSD symptom is a____ of f____ or m____

A

avoidance of feelings or memories

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11
Q

A common PTSD symptom is n____ b____ about the s____, o____ and the w____, and d____ feelings

A

negative beliefs
self, others, world
difficult feelings

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12
Q

PTSD is diagnosed using the DSM-5, and requires different elements:
A. E____ to the trauma
B. I____ symptoms
C. A____ symptoms
D. N____ alterations in c____ and m____
E. Alterations in a____ and r____
F. D____ of more than o____ m____
G. F____ significance
H. A____

A

A. Exposure to the trauma
B. Intrusion symptoms
C. Avoidance
D. Negative cognition and mood
E. arousal, reactivity
F. Duration, one month
G. Functional
H. Attribution (disturbance is not due to medication, illicit substances or other conditions)

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13
Q

To arrive at a diagnosis of PTSD according to the DSM-5, the following must be present:
1. Criterion __
2. __ or more symptom from criterion B
3. __ or more symptom from criterion C
4. __ or more symptom from criterion D
5. __ or more symptoms from criterion E
6. Criteria __ through __

A
  1. A
  2. one
  3. one
  4. two
  5. two
  6. F through H
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14
Q

The majority of people (__.4%) will experience at least __ traumatic event in their lifetime, with an average of __ traumatic events per person

A

70.4%
one
3.2

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15
Q

The majority of people who experience a traumatic event recover n____.

A

naturally

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16
Q

Complex PTSD is defined as arising after exposure to an event or s____ of events of an extremely t____ or h____ nature, most commonly p____ or r____ events from which e____ is d____ of i____

A

series
threatening, horrific
prolonged, repetitive
escape, difficult, impossible

17
Q

Complex PTSD is characterised by the core symptoms of PTSD and in addition:
1. S____ and p____ problems in a____ r____
2. P____ beliefs about oneself as d____, d____ or w____, accompanied by deep and pervasive feelings of s____, g____ or f____ related to the traumatic event
3. P____ difficulties in s____ r____ and in feeling c____ to others

A
  1. Severe and pervasive, affect regulation
  2. Persistent, diminished, defeated, worthless, shame, guilt, failure
  3. Persistent, sustaining relationships, close
18
Q

The a____ is part of our ‘t____ s____’. It is there to a____ us to d____ and keep us s____ from it

A

amygdala
threat system
alert
danger
safe

19
Q

When there is a threat, the a____ triggers the a____ response, getting our body ready to ‘f____ or f____’

A

amygdala
adrenaline
fight or flight

20
Q

The amygdala can’t d____ very well between ‘r____’ and ‘p____’ danger. It triggers the s____ r____ even when the danger is ‘p____’

A

discriminate
real
perceived
same response
perceived
(e.g. when we are thinking about a traumatic memory.

21
Q

The h____ helps us s____ and r____ information. It p____ memories and f____ them away in our m____ s____

A

hippocampus
store, remember
processes, files, memory storage (“the filing cabinet”)

22
Q

With non-traumatic memories, the h____ puts a ‘t____’ on the memory, before f____ it away so that it is stored in an o____ way

A

hippocampus, ‘timestamp’, filing, organised

23
Q

During a traumatic event, when the a____ is very active, the h____ doesn’t work very well and is usually unable to put a ‘t____’ on the memory. This is why traumatic memories are often r____-e____, rather than r____. As there is no ‘t____’, the brain feels as though the trauma is happening a____ in the ‘h____ and n____’

A

amygdala, hippocampus
timestamp
re-experienced
remembered
timestamp
again, here and now

24
Q

Everyday memories:
1. Are stored in the h____
2. Are o____ and c____ - has a b____, a m____ and an e____
3. Can be recalled when you w____ to think about it - doesn’t just pop up at r____
4. When triggered, it may cause an e____ response, but you can put it back in your l____-t____ m____ s____ quite easily
5. Is t____ l____, you know it happened in the p____
6. Is u____ - everyday memories can c____ based on the information you a____ a____ the event has happened

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. organised, continuous, beginning, middle, end
  3. want, random
  4. emotional, long-term memory store
  5. time lagged, past
  6. updated, change, acquire after
25
Q

Traumatic memories:
1. Are f____/ not o____ - no b____, m____ and e____
2. Recalled i____, even if the person doesn’t w____ to remember the event
3. Usually t____ by situations that are r____ of the trauma
4. Not t____ t____ - this means that people often feel as though the trauma is happening in the h____ and n____
5. F____ in t____ - it is not u____ as you learn new i____ about the trauma

A
  1. fragmented, organised, beginning, middle, end (Usually people recall fragments of what happened and are unable to make up an organised story of the event.)
  2. involuntarily, want
  3. triggered, reminders
  4. time tagged, here and now
  5. frozen in time, updated, information (The feelings also stay ‘frozen in time’. This means that people can have strong emotional responses and experience exactly the same emotions they experienced during the traumatic event.)
26
Q

The three systems of emotional regulation are t____, d____ and s____.

A

threat, drive and soothing

27
Q

What is the purpose of the threat system?

A

to keep us safe/danger/alertness

28
Q

What is the purpose of the drive system?

A

Achieving, wanting, pursing, goal-focused

29
Q

What is the prupose of the soothing system?

A

Safeness, kindness, recharge and unwind

30
Q

Dissociation is the brain’s way of coping with e____ that are t____ i____. During a traumatic event, in an attempt to keep us ‘s____’, the brain ‘c____ o____’ so we can survive the h____ of the event.

A

emotions, too intense
safe
cuts off
horror

31
Q

Dissociation describes an experience where you feel d____ in some way from the w____ around you or from y____. It is an a____ r____ and our brain’s best attempt at keeping us s____.

A

disconnected
world, yourself
adaptive response
safe

32
Q

Dissociation can happen d____ the trauma but also in the h____ and n____. It is the brains attempt at p____ us from feeling the o____ e____ linked to the traumatic experience. It can be u____ when it happens r____ as it prevents us from p____ the traumatic event so it remains ‘f____ in t____” and u____

A

during, here and now
protecting, overwhelming emotions
unhelpful, regularly, processing, frozen in time, unprocessed

33
Q

The puzzle in The Cognitive Model of PTSD (Ehlers & Clark, 2000) is a____ is about f____ t____. PTSD is to do with m____. But PTSD is classed as an a____ d____.

A

anxiety, future threat
memory
anxiety disorder

34
Q

The solution in The Cognitive Model of PTSD (Ehlers & Clark, 2000) is individuals are r____ the trauma in a way that poses c____ t____ in the h____ and n____

A

remembering
current threat
here and now

35
Q

Cognitive Processing therapy (CBT approach):
Around __ sessions (i____ or in g____)
Phase 1: P____ and a____ (s____ points)
Phase 2: Challenge i____ b____
Phase 3: R____ of s____ points
R____-w____ practice
R____ of trauma n____

A

12
individual groups
1 Psychoeducation and assessment (stuck points)
2 inaccurate beliefs
3 resolution, stuck
real-world
rewriting, narrative

36
Q

Prolonged Exposure Therapy (CBT approach):
__-__ __min sessions
Components:
1. P____
2. S____ r____ techniques
3. Repeated i____-v____ e____
4. I____ e____

A

8-15 90-min
1. Psychoeducation
2. Stress reduction
3. in-vivo exposure
4. Imaginal exposure

37
Q

Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR):
__-__ __-__min sessions
Phase 1: A____
Phase 2: S____ r____
Phase 3: I____ of all trauma c____
Phase 4: I____ e____ to trauma m____ + b____ s____
Phase 5: R____

A

6-12 60-90 min
1 Assessment
2 Stress reduction
3 Identification, components
4 Imaginal exposure, memories + bilateral stimulation
5 Review

YR2 - Clinical Psychology and Mental Health (3 decks)

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