1. Psychology of Depression Flashcards
What are three psychological models of depression and who were they proposed by?
1. L____ h____ (S____ et al., 19__)
2. C____ c____ model (B____ et al., 19__)
3. P____-o____ (T____, 19__)
- Learned helplessness (Seligman et al., 1968)
- Clinical Cognitive Model (Beck et al., 1979)
- Process-orientation (Teasdale, 1988)
Major depression involves __ or more symptoms during the same t____-w____ period (DSM-V)
5, two-week
Around __ million people ion the world experience depression
300 million
__% of the world’s population affected
__% of adults suffer from depression
~__% also have an anxiety disorder
3.8
5
50
Depression has a lifetime prevalence of ~__%
20
__% of adults receive no treatment
35
The age of onset of depression is a predictor of p____ and s____. Risk is increased in n____ conditions and post-c____
persistence and severity
neurological, post-childbirth
For about __% depression is a one-off episode
50
There is an average of f____ lifetime major depressive episodes of __ weeks duration each
four, 20
History r____ threshold:
- 3 or more episodes, likelihood __-__% for another episode in the next __ months
- t____ or f___- episode may not need a s____ at all
reduces
70-80
12
third or forth
stressor
Pattern of m____ s____ distinguishes depression from b____ d____
mood shifts
bipolar disorder
A meta-analysis showed no c____ relation between m____ d____ and d____ m____
between monoamine depletion and depressed mood (Ruhe et al., 2007)
What are three problems with the biochemical view?
1. T____ problem
2. S____ problem
3. Does e____ d____ exist?
Timescale problem (Hirschfield, 2000)
Specificity problem (Moncrieff, 2001)
Does endogeneous depression exist?
In antidepressant medication (ADM), n____-r____ is c____
non-response is common
(ADM not popular with patients; linked to negative side effects)
S____, b____ and h____ preced depression
Separations, bereavement, humiliations
P____ event is not d____ of depression. D____ of loss is critical
Preceding, deterministic
Denial
M____ is a process to a____ loss
Mourning, assimilate
Grief and depression have similar symptoms, but can be different. Mourning is often described as c____ p____, but u____ a____
continuously painful
ultimately adaptive
In explanatory models of depression, q____ new phenomena appear in m____ depression. The represents an extreme form of depressive experience
qualitatively, major
Freud (1917): Profound alterations in id and ego function of the self which hinder recognition and processing of loss
Some form of enduring cognitive influence: Depression and lowering of self-regard (Brown & Harris, 1978: Freud, 1917: Winnicott, 1954)
The learned helplessness model states the following:
1. G____ of h____ and loss of m____
2. Exposure to u____ s____ in one experiment led to h____ in s____ experiments
- Generalisation, helplessness, meaning
- uncontrollable shock, helplessness, subsequent
Hiroto (1974) offered a human analogue of learned helplessness using a____ t____ as stimuli
aversive tones
In ‘Whitehall studies’ of British civil servants, there was an i____ association between j____ s____ and r____ of depression. Within same p____ l____ and s____, the degree of c____ predicted l____ of depression.
inverse, job status, risk
pay level, status, control, likelihood
What are motivational and cognitive symptoms of learned helplessness?
M = lower r____ i____ and s____ to r____
C = dampened ability to learn that r____ p____ r____
Motivational: Lower response initiation and sensitivity to reinforcement
Cognitive: Dampened ability to learn that responding produces reinforcement
Mere e____ to u____ is not s____ to render humans helpless
exposure to uncontrollability iOS not sufficient
Helplessness was shown to be dependent on a____.
Depressed students attributed f____ on a bogus task to i____, whereas they attributed s____ to the e____ of the task.
Attributional style predicts s____ and o____ of depression.
G____ difference in attributional style
failure, incompetence, success, ease
severity, onset
Gender
