1. Psychology of Depression

Question 1

What are three psychological models of depression and who were they proposed by?
1. L____ h____ (S____ et al., 19__)
2. C____ c____ model (B____ et al., 19__)
3. P____-o____ (T____, 19__)

Answer 1

1. Learned helplessness (Seligman et al., 1968)
2. Clinical Cognitive Model (Beck et al., 1979)
3. Process-orientation (Teasdale, 1988)

Question 2

Major depression involves __ or more symptoms during the same t____-w____ period (DSM-V)

Answer 2

5, two-week

Question 3

Around __ million people ion the world experience depression

Answer 3

300 million

Question 4

__% of the world’s population affected
__% of adults suffer from depression
~__% also have an anxiety disorder

Answer 4

3.8
5
50

Question 5

Depression has a lifetime prevalence of ~__%

Answer 5

20

Question 6

__% of adults receive no treatment

Answer 6

35

Question 7

The age of onset of depression is a predictor of p____ and s____. Risk is increased in n____ conditions and post-c____

Answer 7

persistence and severity
neurological, post-childbirth

Question 8

For about __% depression is a one-off episode

Answer 8

50

Question 9

There is an average of f____ lifetime major depressive episodes of __ weeks duration each

Answer 9

four, 20

Question 10

History r____ threshold:
- 3 or more episodes, likelihood __-__% for another episode in the next __ months
- t____ or f___- episode may not need a s____ at all

Answer 10

reduces
70-80
12
third or forth
stressor

Question 11

Pattern of m____ s____ distinguishes depression from b____ d____

Answer 11

mood shifts
bipolar disorder

Question 12

A meta-analysis showed no c____ relation between m____ d____ and d____ m____

Answer 12

between monoamine depletion and depressed mood (Ruhe et al., 2007)

Question 13

What are three problems with the biochemical view?
1. T____ problem
2. S____ problem
3. Does e____ d____ exist?

Answer 13

Timescale problem (Hirschfield, 2000)
Specificity problem (Moncrieff, 2001)
Does endogeneous depression exist?

Question 14

In antidepressant medication (ADM), n____-r____ is c____

Answer 14

non-response is common
(ADM not popular with patients; linked to negative side effects)

Question 15

S____, b____ and h____ preced depression

Answer 15

Separations, bereavement, humiliations

Question 16

P____ event is not d____ of depression. D____ of loss is critical

Answer 16

Preceding, deterministic
Denial

Question 17

M____ is a process to a____ loss

Answer 17

Mourning, assimilate

Question 18

Grief and depression have similar symptoms, but can be different. Mourning is often described as c____ p____, but u____ a____

Answer 18

continuously painful
ultimately adaptive

Question 19

In explanatory models of depression, q____ new phenomena appear in m____ depression. The represents an extreme form of depressive experience

Answer 19

qualitatively, major
Freud (1917): Profound alterations in id and ego function of the self which hinder recognition and processing of loss
Some form of enduring cognitive influence: Depression and lowering of self-regard (Brown & Harris, 1978: Freud, 1917: Winnicott, 1954)

Question 20

The learned helplessness model states the following:
1. G____ of h____ and loss of m____
2. Exposure to u____ s____ in one experiment led to h____ in s____ experiments

Answer 20

1. Generalisation, helplessness, meaning
2. uncontrollable shock, helplessness, subsequent

Question 21

Hiroto (1974) offered a human analogue of learned helplessness using a____ t____ as stimuli

Answer 21

aversive tones

Question 22

In ‘Whitehall studies’ of British civil servants, there was an i____ association between j____ s____ and r____ of depression. Within same p____ l____ and s____, the degree of c____ predicted l____ of depression.

Answer 22

inverse, job status, risk
pay level, status, control, likelihood

Question 23

What are motivational and cognitive symptoms of learned helplessness?
M = lower r____ i____ and s____ to r____
C = dampened ability to learn that r____ p____ r____

Answer 23

Motivational: Lower response initiation and sensitivity to reinforcement

Cognitive: Dampened ability to learn that responding produces reinforcement

Question 24

Mere e____ to u____ is not s____ to render humans helpless

Answer 24

exposure to uncontrollability iOS not sufficient

Question 25

Helplessness was shown to be dependent on a____.
Depressed students attributed f____ on a bogus task to i____, whereas they attributed s____ to the e____ of the task.
Attributional style predicts s____ and o____ of depression.
G____ difference in attributional style

Answer 25

failure, incompetence, success, ease
severity, onset
Gender