2. Psychology of Depression 2

Question 1

Qualitatively new phenomena appear in major depression which represents a particular form of depressive experience. This includes some form of e____ c____ i____ and, according to Freud, profound alterations in i____ and e____ function of the s____ which hinder r____ and processing of l____.

Answer 1

enduring cognitive influence
id, ego
self, recognition, loss

Question 2

Three psychological models of depression:
1. L____ h____
2. C____ c____ model
3. P____-o____

Answer 2

1. Learned helplessness
2. Clinical cognitive model
3. Process-orientation

Question 3

Learned helplessness is the g____ of hopelessness and l____ of m____. One experiment found exposure to u____ s____ in one experiment led to helplessness in s____ experiments.

Answer 3

generalisation, loss of meaning
uncontrollable shock, subsequent

Question 4

Motivational symptoms of learned helplessness include l____ r____ i____ and s____ to r____.
Cognitive symptoms of learned helplessness include d____ ability to l____ that r____ p____ r____.

Answer 4

lower response initiation, sensitivity to reinforcement
dampened, learn, responding produces reinforcement

Question 5

Mere exposure to u____ is not s____ to render humans h____

Answer 5

uncontrollability, sufficient, helpless

Question 6

Life s____ is not n____ a____ with o____ of depression

Answer 6

stress, necessarily associated, onset

Question 7

In Klein et al (1976), helplessness was shown to be d____ on a____

Answer 7

Dependent on attributions

Question 8

The attributional styles theory focuses on i____ rather than e____ factors, s____ rather than u____ factors and g____ rather than s____ factors

Answer 8

internal, external
stable, unstable
global, specific

Question 9

Depressed students attributed failure on a bogus task to i____ whereas they attributed success to the e____ of the task

Answer 9

incompetence
ease

Question 10

Attributional style predicts s____ and o____ of depression

Answer 10

severity, onset

Question 11

There are g____ differences in attributional style

Answer 11

gender

Question 12

Beck studied depression in war veterans and found that negative t____ seemed to come up an i____ b____ his patients reported feeling v____ l____.

Answer 12

thoughts
instant before
very low

Question 13

Depressive organisation refers to s____-s____ (related to p____ l____ and f____) create d____ e____ and p____ f____. They include d____ a____.

Answer 13

self-schemas, personal loss and failure, depressive experience, phenomenal field
dysfunctional attitudes

Question 14

Depression is cause by negative c____ about the s____, the f____ and the w____

Answer 14

cognitions
self, future, world

Question 15

CBT is one of the most widely used p____. It is designed to modify i____, m____ i____

Answer 15

psychotherapies
idiosyncratic, maladaptive ideation

Question 16

Central mode of action involves d____ and testing v____ of faulty thinking and its premises to l____ g____ of d____ i____. Cognitive r____ of ideation content brings s____ r____. M____ tendencies can be ‘u____’ without need for i____.

Answer 16

delineating, validity, loosen grip, distorted ideation
cognitive re-structuring, symptom relief
maladaptive, unlearned, insight

Question 17

Both treatment with C____ and p____ showed d____ in depressive s____. CBT resulted in significantly g____ i____. Reduced risk of depression r____ in the ___ group. ____ had lower dropout.

Answer 17

CBT, pharmacotherapy, decreases, symptoms
greater improvement
returning CBT
CBT

Question 18

Relapse = r____of symptoms before f____ r____

Answer 18

return, full remission

Question 19

Recurrence = n____ episode after f____ r____

Answer 19

new, full remission

Question 20

People treated with antidepressants showed i____ c____ c____ but CBT predicts lower risk of r____

Answer 20

identical cognitive changes, relapse

Question 21

CBT is n____ m____ e____ than other psychological treatments. Reduces negative thinking to a s____ e____.

Answer 21

not more effective
similar extent
(Component analysis (Jacobsen et al., 1996): Full CBT is not more effective than behavioural activation by itself in acute treatment and 6-month follow-up
Focus on changing cognitions associated with worse long-term outcomes (Castonguay et al., 1996))

Question 22

Beck said there are differences in c____ o____ in the non-depressed state. However, research failed to find differences in d____ a____ between r____ depressed subjects and c____.

Answer 22

cognitive organisation
dysfunctional attitudes, recovered, controls

Question 23

“Mood-as-context” means the degree of mood-related activation of b____ s____-r____ processing and r____ in memory

Answer 23

biased self-referential processing, representations

Question 24

Failure to find differences in negative thinking in e____ mood consistent with differential activation hypothesis (DAH)

Answer 24

euthymic

Question 25

Research found “A____ only” vs “A____ and s____-d____” adjectives in r____ depressed and never depressed c____.

Answer 25

Affective
Affective and self-devaluative
recovered, controls

Question 26

When currently depressed, previously depressed and never depressed adolescents completed the Dysfunctional Attitudes Test, it was found that only r____ t____ predicted the o____ of depression __ months later.

Answer 26

reaction time
onset
12

Question 27

Cognitive reactivity of underlying processing configurations leads to q____ differences in the fact of n____ a____ or a____ material

Answer 27

qualitative, negative affect, autobiographical

Question 28

Global changes involve c____ and p____. ‘D____’ continually r____ schematic content

Answer 28

content, process
‘Doing’, recreates

Question 29

The depressive rumination hypothesis states depression e____ n____ t____ and e____ episode

Answer 29

enhances negative thoughts
exacerbates

Question 30

Depressive r____ is seen as h____ in understanding d____ problems. D____ interferes with this.

Answer 30

rumination, helpful, deep
Disruption

Question 31

Depressed people who s____ attempt to d____ r____ have l____ episodes

Answer 31

systematically, disrupt rumination, longer

Question 32

Depression is a f____ r____ to problems in the e____

Answer 32

functional response, environment

Question 33

Rumination styles include r____ versus b____ and e____ versus a____

Answer 33

reflection, brooding
encounter, avoidance

Question 34

Narrative development requires e____ contact with e____/a____ meanings

Answer 34

experiential, embodied/affective

Question 35

E____ and e____, r____ and a____ cognition diagnosed as the f____ issue (OGM)

Answer 35

elaboration, excessive, reactive, avoidant, fundamental

Question 36

Processing mode c____ influences not only OGM but also c____ r____

Answer 36

causally
cognitive reactivity

Question 37

De-centering/d____ reduces activation of mood linked c____ r____

Answer 37

misidentification, cognitive reactivity

Question 38

M____ changes the expression of sadness

Answer 38

Mindfulness

Question 39

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is designed for patients in r____ from r____ depression to reduce r____ r____. It does not challenge n____ t____.

Answer 39

remission, recurrent, relapse risk
Negative thinking

Question 40

Meditation involves a____ s____ and a____. It involves e____ focus (e.g. attention to breath) and treats thoughts as m____ e____.

Answer 40

attentional shift and awareness
experiential, mental events

Question 41

R____ t____ with over 600 patients show that MBCT does better than TAU. Reduces relapse rate of individuals with c____ depression by ~ __%. Does better than antidepressants in terms of m____.
NICE recommends MBCT for people with __ or more episodes of depression

Answer 41

reaction times
chronic
50%
maintenance
3

Question 42

The c____ way of self-focus is c____ dominated and p____ informed.
In contrast, the e____ way of self-focus is more e____ o____/i____ where feelings are more oriented around our s____

Answer 42

Conceptual (/simulation), conceptually, propositionally
Experiential (/direct), experientially oriented/informed, senses

Question 43

If rumination is part of an emotional e____ then it is a____. If it is designed to a____ emotions and c____ with s____ then it is m____.

Answer 43

encounter, adaptive
avoid, confrontation, self, maladaptive