2. Psychology of Depression 2 Flashcards
Qualitatively new phenomena appear in major depression which represents a particular form of depressive experience. This includes some form of e____ c____ i____ and, according to Freud, profound alterations in i____ and e____ function of the s____ which hinder r____ and processing of l____.
enduring cognitive influence
id, ego
self, recognition, loss
Three psychological models of depression:
1. L____ h____
2. C____ c____ model
3. P____-o____
- Learned helplessness
- Clinical cognitive model
- Process-orientation
Learned helplessness is the g____ of hopelessness and l____ of m____. One experiment found exposure to u____ s____ in one experiment led to helplessness in s____ experiments.
generalisation, loss of meaning
uncontrollable shock, subsequent
Motivational symptoms of learned helplessness include l____ r____ i____ and s____ to r____.
Cognitive symptoms of learned helplessness include d____ ability to l____ that r____ p____ r____.
lower response initiation, sensitivity to reinforcement
dampened, learn, responding produces reinforcement
Mere exposure to u____ is not s____ to render humans h____
uncontrollability, sufficient, helpless
Life s____ is not n____ a____ with o____ of depression
stress, necessarily associated, onset
In Klein et al (1976), helplessness was shown to be d____ on a____
Dependent on attributions
The attributional styles theory focuses on i____ rather than e____ factors, s____ rather than u____ factors and g____ rather than s____ factors
internal, external
stable, unstable
global, specific
Depressed students attributed failure on a bogus task to i____ whereas they attributed success to the e____ of the task
incompetence
ease
Attributional style predicts s____ and o____ of depression
severity, onset
There are g____ differences in attributional style
gender
Beck studied depression in war veterans and found that negative t____ seemed to come up an i____ b____ his patients reported feeling v____ l____.
thoughts
instant before
very low
Depressive organisation refers to s____-s____ (related to p____ l____ and f____) create d____ e____ and p____ f____. They include d____ a____.
self-schemas, personal loss and failure, depressive experience, phenomenal field
dysfunctional attitudes
Depression is cause by negative c____ about the s____, the f____ and the w____
cognitions
self, future, world
CBT is one of the most widely used p____. It is designed to modify i____, m____ i____
psychotherapies
idiosyncratic, maladaptive ideation
Central mode of action involves d____ and testing v____ of faulty thinking and its premises to l____ g____ of d____ i____. Cognitive r____ of ideation content brings s____ r____. M____ tendencies can be ‘u____’ without need for i____.
delineating, validity, loosen grip, distorted ideation
cognitive re-structuring, symptom relief
maladaptive, unlearned, insight
Both treatment with C____ and p____ showed d____ in depressive s____. CBT resulted in significantly g____ i____. Reduced risk of depression r____ in the ___ group. ____ had lower dropout.
CBT, pharmacotherapy, decreases, symptoms
greater improvement
returning CBT
CBT
Relapse = r____of symptoms before f____ r____
return, full remission
Recurrence = n____ episode after f____ r____
new, full remission
People treated with antidepressants showed i____ c____ c____ but CBT predicts lower risk of r____
identical cognitive changes, relapse
CBT is n____ m____ e____ than other psychological treatments. Reduces negative thinking to a s____ e____.
not more effective
similar extent
(Component analysis (Jacobsen et al., 1996): Full CBT is not more effective than behavioural activation by itself in acute treatment and 6-month follow-up
Focus on changing cognitions associated with worse long-term outcomes (Castonguay et al., 1996))
Beck said there are differences in c____ o____ in the non-depressed state. However, research failed to find differences in d____ a____ between r____ depressed subjects and c____.
cognitive organisation
dysfunctional attitudes, recovered, controls
“Mood-as-context” means the degree of mood-related activation of b____ s____-r____ processing and r____ in memory
biased self-referential processing, representations
Failure to find differences in negative thinking in e____ mood consistent with differential activation hypothesis (DAH)
euthymic
(In the context of mental health, “euthymic” describes a normal, tranquil, and stable mood state, neither depressive nor manic, often used to describe periods between mood episodes in conditions like bipolar disorde)
Research found “A____ only” vs “A____ and s____-d____” adjectives in r____ depressed and never depressed c____.
Affective
Affective and self-devaluative
recovered, controls
When currently depressed, previously depressed and never depressed adolescents completed the Dysfunctional Attitudes Test, it was found that only r____ t____ predicted the o____ of depression __ months later.
reaction time
onset
12
Cognitive reactivity of underlying processing configurations leads to q____ differences in the fact of n____ a____ or a____ material
qualitative, negative affect, autobiographical
Global changes involve c____ and p____. ‘D____’ continually r____ schematic content
content, process
‘Doing’, recreates
The depressive rumination hypothesis states depression e____ n____ t____ and e____ episode
enhances negative thoughts
exacerbates
Depressive r____ is seen as h____ in understanding d____ problems. D____ interferes with this.
rumination, helpful, deep
Disruption
Depressed people who s____ attempt to d____ r____ have l____ episodes
systematically, disrupt rumination, longer
Depression is a f____ r____ to problems in the e____
functional response, environment
Rumination styles include r____ versus b____ and e____ versus a____
reflection, brooding
encounter, avoidance
Narrative development requires e____ contact with e____/a____ meanings
experiential, embodied/affective
E____ and e____, r____ and a____ cognition diagnosed as the f____ issue (OGM)
elaboration, excessive, reactive, avoidant, fundamental
Processing mode c____ influences not only OGM but also c____ r____
causally
cognitive reactivity
De-centering/d____ reduces activation of mood linked c____ r____
disidentification, cognitive reactivity
M____ changes the expression of sadness
Mindfulness
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is designed for patients in r____ from r____ depression to reduce r____ r____. It does not challenge n____ t____.
remission, recurrent, relapse risk
Negative thinking
Meditation involves a____ s____ and a____. It involves e____ focus (e.g. attention to breath) and treats thoughts as m____ e____.
attentional shift and awareness
experiential, mental events
R____ t____ with over 600 patients show that MBCT does better than TAU. Reduces relapse rate of individuals with c____ depression by ~ __%. Does better than antidepressants in terms of m____.
NICE recommends MBCT for people with __ or more episodes of depression
reaction times
chronic
50%
maintenance
3
The c____ way of self-focus is c____ dominated and p____ informed.
In contrast, the e____ way of self-focus is more e____ o____/i____ where feelings are more oriented around our s____
Conceptual (/simulation), conceptually, propositionally
Experiential (/direct), experientially oriented/informed, senses
If rumination is part of an emotional e____ then it is a____. If it is designed to a____ emotions and c____ with s____ then it is m____.
encounter, adaptive
avoid, confrontation, self, maladaptive
