3. TRA and TPB Flashcards
what is TRA vs TPB
- developed by who? in what year?
- both focus on what? example?
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
- Fishbein and Ajzen –> 1975
Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
- Azjen: 1986
- focus on behavioural engagement –> a single behaviour!
ie voting
describe the theory of reasoned action vs the theory of planned behaviour
(schéma!)
why are they different?
TRA:
- attitudes and subjective norms lead to intentions
- intentions lead to behaviour
but then TRA inadequate at explaining and predicting behaviours that require special skills and resources (like exercise!)
- realied that your cognitions regarding the level of control you have over these behaviours influenced their decision to do them
TPB:
- add a 3rd predictor: perceived behavioural control –> can lead to intentions (which leads to behaviour) but can also directly lead to behaviour!
DEFINE:
- intentions
- attitudes
- subjective norms
- perceived behavioural control
INTENTIONS
- willingness to enact, engage in a behaviour
- it is a quantity of motivation! how much desire/drive you have to do the behaviour
*think about proximity of intention to behaviour –> the closer it is (ie do PA tmrw vs next week), the better they are correlated
ATTITUDES
- degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of a behavior
- beliefs (cognitive attitudes): more facts, highlighting benefits of PA
- and feelings (affective attitudes): ie seeing smiling people, moving with joy poster
SUBJECTIVE NORMS
- perception of expectations of others and motivation to comply
- PERCEPTIONS of social pressures (not actual expectations of others, but what you believe that you should do to comply to a social norm)
- is NOT social support
PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL
- perception of degree of personal control and confidence over behaviour
- accounts for barriers
- similar to self-efficacy (similar sources) BUT really focus on the degree of control you have on barrier
- what happens if you have high attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control?
- what happens if 2 are high and 1 is low?
- increase intentions and increase behaviour yayy
- if any of the 3 is low –> intentions will decrease and behaviour will also decrease :(
goal: have all 3 that are high to maximize intention and behaviour
case study:
You are walking downtown Montreal and you see a man sitting on a patio wearing this shirt (pretend it is summer :) ).
“I’m in no shape to exercise”
How do you interpret his cognitions about exercise as per TPB?
PROF PPTX
- affective and cognitive attitude
- wearing that tshirt = negative affective/feelings about exercise
- cognitive: doesn’t expect exercise to improve his shape
- maybe low perceived behavioural control
own answer:
- low attitude (unfavorable appraisal of behaviour from the tshirt)
- low subjective norm: no motivation to comply to exercising
- low perceived behavioural control: no confidence that he can control barrier
*just assuming the statement on his shirt though
Alex is a 4th grade student. She has been attending her physical education class regularly. You noticed that Alex is not fully engaged in the activities but she does them. When you asked why, Alex indicated that she only participates because her friends are doing it.
Which TPB construct best represents why Alex is engaging in his PE?
- subjective norm! because her friends are doing it
Which concepts overlap between self-efficacy theory and theory of planned behaviour?
a) Self-efficacy and Perceived Behavioral Control
b) Self-efficacy and attitudes
c) Outcome expectations and Perceived Behavioral Control
d) Outcome Expectations and attitudes
a and d!
- Self-efficacy and Perceived Behavioral Control
- Outcome Expectations and attitudes
define outcomes expectations and attitudes. from which theory do they come from?
vs dictionary definition of attitude
OUTCOMES EXPECTATIONS:
- from self-efficacy theory
- a person’s estimate that a given behavior will lead to certain outcomes
ATTITUDES:
- from theory of planned behaviour
- degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of a behavior
- beliefs (cognitive) and feelings (affective attitudes)
ATTITUDES DICTIONARY:
- a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something
what do TPB vs SET look at?
TPB looks at a person’s INTENTIONS to perform a behaviour
- intention = willingness, amount of motivation
SET looks at a person’s belief in the CAPABILITIES
*even if both theory have similar constructs, premisses are different
how to use TPB to increase PA levels? (3 ish + explain/HOW?)
- ATTITUDES: increase awareness of benefits
- high evaluation of PA –> being a good thing in both belief and feelings
HOW? media, booklet, listing BENEFITS, informing, listing joyful activities, presentation, research - SUBJECTIVE NORMS: heighten social pressure
- social env around ppl to increase motivation to comply
- HOW? hangout with active people, joining a group, connect to social media accounts related to PA, having important ppl talk about PA - PERCEIVED BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL: use sources of self-efficacy + address barriers!
- build confidence to address barriers
- HOW? identify strategies overcome barriers, list common barriers, model (past experiences where you overcame barrier), positive reinforcement (verbal persuasion), build on successes (past experiences), teach how to do a movement (vicarious)
TPB research:
- meta-analytic reviewing relationships of TPB on PA (from observational studies) –> looks at __________, not __________
- which relationships have weak (0.1), moderate (0.3) or strong relationship (0.5)? (5)
conclusion?
- looks at correlations, not causation
1) attitudes –> intentions = 0.4
2) subjective norms –> intentions = 0.05 –> weak relationship! raises questions about if this actually affect intentions and PA behaviour
3) perceived behavioural control –> intentions = 0.33
4) perceived behavioural control –> PA behaviour = 0.15
5) intentions –> PA behaviour = 0.43 –> there is a moderate to strong relationship between intention and PA!
TPB research:
- another meta-analysis: PA interventions! –> can look at a ______ and ________
- effect size in of TPB intervention on intentions vs PA?
- can look at cause and effect
- change in intentions = 0.45
- change in PA: 0.15
CONCLUSION: TPB interventions can moderately change intentions (or TPB interventions cause intentions to increase moderately)
BUT TPB interventions have small to no effect on changing PA
TPB research:
- another systematic review
- 7 articles, all interventions, using different designs
- how many theoretical constructs are targeted? + which behaviour change techniques most frequently used?
- key gap identified?
THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS TARGETED:
- all targeted PBC or self-efficacy
- 5/7 articles targeted intentions
- 5/7 articles targeted attitudes
- 1/7 articles targeted subjective norms
BEHAVIOUR CHANGE TECHNIQUES:
- goal setting
- action planning
- credible source
KEY GAP: few studies explicitly link the techniques used to the theoretical constructs
*difficult to think about what works or not if techniques not linked to theoretical constructs
TPB research:
- another meta-analysis: what is the correlation they found between intentions and PA behaviour?
- last meta-analysis:
a) what are the changes in intentions after intervention? (vs no intervention)
b) what are the changes in physical activity after intervention (vs no intervention)?
- 0.43! pretty good correlation btw intention and PA behaviour
BUT, other meta-analysis
- 0.45 changes in intentions for intervention group (so intervention lead to higher intentions yay)
- but only 0.15 change in PA with intervention –> small to no effect :(
what are 4 key limitations of TPB?
- need to understand how each strategy actually promotes the constructs
- it’s difficult to determine the relationship btw constructs and behaviour change techniques when the proposed connections btw the components are not reported or clear - “Intention –> behaviour” depends on elapsed time!
- lack of experimental evidence
- may need to combine with other frameworks to explain the intention to behaviour gap (why doesn’t increased intention lead to increased behaviour) - attitudes exert a stronger influence on intention than subjective norms and perceived behavioural control
- affective responses (emotions) to exercise are more influential than cognitive –> everyone know exercise is good for you: goal = make people like doing it - subjective norm:
- important for PA? weak relationship + research don’t really include it…
- more useful if described as “social support” (vs perceptions)?
