2. Self-Efficacy Flashcards
what is motivation?
- what are 2 ways to evaluate motivation ish?
- determination, drive, desire, willingness, intent to do something. Action to move forward
1. quantity of motivation (low to high)
2. quality of motivation –> where does it come from? intrinsic or extrinsic
- who developed the self-efficacy theory? around what time?
- popular?
- what is the basic schéma to explain SET? the 2 main constructs?
- Albert Bandura, in 1977: Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
- probs the most popular theory in exercise psychology –> keeps getting cited more and more every year
a) self-efficacy leads to Outcome expectations
b) both self-efficacy and outcome expectations lead to physical activity
*although what Bandura developed is applicable to any behaviour, not just PA
define self-efficacy
- what is important to consider? (2)
- how can you reword it ish?
- an individual’s BELIEF IN his/her CAPABILITIES to successfully carry out a course of action to meet particular task demands
- will i be successful given my (1) ABILITIES and (2) UNIQUE situation?
- situation specific self-confidence!!
ie high self-efficacy when catching and throwing a ball VS low belief/SE when juggling –> but SE increases when someone tries to teach you how to do it and the class encourages you
what are the 4 sources of self-efficacy, from strongest to weakest?
- Past performance accomplishments (mastery experience) = strongest
- Vicarious experiences (modeling)
- Verbal persuasion (social persuasion)
- physiological and affective states (weakest source)
DESCRIBE
1. PAST PERFORMANCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS
- def
- explanation
- application to PA behaviour
- how does the quebec education program use this?
- PAST PERFORMANCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS
- when you have success in past performances/actions that are similar/same to the behaviour you have to do now
- the more similar the behaviours are, the stronger the source of SE (ie teach someone to juggle with 2 balls first, more similar to throwing and catching)
- APPLICATION: obtain exercise history! –> provides you with idea of what the client has done + what they had success with and build on that
- they use it through progression of learning! ie moves through low apparatus –> moves through apparatus at various heights –> climbs apparatus of various heights
DESCRIBE
2. VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES
- what?
- stronger source if what?
- can also use?
- application?
- benefits?
- VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES (modeling)
- view someone else’s behaviour
- if the person is more similar to you, the stronger the source (ie another student teaching you how to juggle vs a professional jugglar)
- can also use imagery! mental rehearsal of you doing the skill: pretty hard to do
- APPLICATION; show a video, live demos, practice imagery
- benefits: allows you to have the perspective of the model –> ie if someone from the class does the demo, they can then reexplain the instructions from their own perspective
DESCRIBE
3. verbal/social persuasion
- what? (2)
- strong source if what?
- application
- verbal/social persuasion
- verbal or non-verbal tactics: ie good job!, class clapping and encouraging Nicholas to juggle
- social: society encourages a behaviour!
- someone important! (ie spouse, famous athlete tells you to do smtg) = stronger source of SE!
APPLICATION; involve parents, friends to provide positive feedback, videos from influences with healthy message!
ie: ad where professional football player tells kids to play sports
describe
4. physiological and affective states
- what? + 2 examples ish
- application?
- physiological and affective states
- emotional and physiological reaction you get from exercise will affect your SE!
a) ie pain, fatigue –> leads to doubt in being able to do another set/workout
b) sad/more stressed –> leads to decrease SE and decrease PA levels –> vs happy
- APPLICATION: education, start slow, normalize physiological responses (being sore, pain) + build on past experiences/build good emotional relationship with PA
describe which source of SE + what impact does it have on SE?
1. beginner lady watches another beginner lady on youtube video to do resistance training
2. poster of robot lifting weights + “you can do it”
3. feeling really good after your run
- vicarious experience! increase SE bc video (watching someone else do it) + woman model + also beginner = similar to you
- verbal/social persuasion: no super relatable robot so minimal improvement in SE or the same
- physiological affective state –> increase SE after your run cause you feel good BUT ALSO past experience cause the next time you want to go run, you’ll remember the nice feeling you had
what game elements of dance dance revolution lead to sources of self-efficacy?
MASTERY EXPERIENCES:
- playing game through practice
- playing in own difficulty level
VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES:
- role modeling the figures on the screen
VERBAL PERSUASION:
- receiving simultaneous feedback
why didn’t the zombie game promote self-efficacy? compared to wii fit, wii sports and dance dance revolution?
because the zombie game didn’t explicitly link components of intervention to self-efficacy!
*game needs to have elements that target sources of self-efficacy! need to be intentional about it
self-efficacy based interventions with patients with obstructive sleep apnea –> which interventions did the best?
SO MAIN MESSAGE?
the interventions that had the most behavioural change techniques that matched with sources of self-efficacy had the most positive effects!
- if you use self-efficacy, target as many of the 4 sources as possible! be explicit! the more sources you target, the bigger impact it’ll have
what are 2 types of self-efficacy + define
- task self-efficacy: self-efficacy towards the specific task that helps with behaviour (ie planning, scheduling to do PA)
- barrier self-efficacy: self-efficacy towards overcoming specific barriers or coping with set backs (ie engaging in PA if bad weather or gym closed)
*self-efficacy = very situation dependent!
define outcome expectations
“an outcome expectancy is defined as a person’s estimate that a given behaviour will lead to certain outcomes” (Bandura, 1977)
- the more positive outcomes you think PA has (ie the more strongly you agree that PA will improve your mood/self-esteem, feelings less stressed…), the more likely you’ll engage in PA
does outcome expectations or self-efficacy have a better correlation with participation in PA?
- one potential reason?
study shows that self-efficacy has more positive correlation
- might be a lack of research in outcome expectations
