3- Throat (Anatomy and physiology)

Question 1

the oral cavity

Answer 1

• Nasal cavity separate to oral cavity= the hard and soft palate
• Tip of soft palate= uvula
• The tongue and 32 Teeth
• Area between lips and teeth= vestibule
• Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches (Mc Donald’s signs)
  -> Where tonsils sit

Question 2

how may teeth do we have

Answer 2

32

Question 3

salivary glands

Answer 3

2x3
- Parotid
- Submandibular
- Sublingual

Question 4

salivary glands

Answer 4

2x3
- Parotid
- Submandibular
- Sublingual

Question 5

parotid gland

Answer 5

Saliva:It produces serous saliva – a watery solution rich in enzymes – which is then secreted into the oral cavity, where it lubricates and aids in the breakdown of food.

Contribution: second largest amount

Location
- Lies anterior to the SCM and ear
- Behind the masseter and zygomatic arch
- Duct opens up in the upper region of the oral cavity- Stenson’s duct (near upper 2nd molar)

Question 6

submandibular gland

Answer 6

Type of saliva: mixed serous and mucous salivary secretions
- important for the lubrication of food during mastication to enable effective swallowing and aid digestion.

Contribution Most of saliva (60%)

Location
- Sits under the mandibular in the submandibular triangle
- Saliva exits the Wharton’s ducts

Think salivary calculi

Question 7

Sublingual gland

Answer 7

Type of saliva: predominatley mucous
- These secretions are important in lubricating food, keeping the oral mucosa moist and initial digestion.

Contribution: Least at 3-5% of overall salivary volume

Location
- under the tongue

Question 8

the tongue and motor supply

Answer 8

Intrinisc muscles (not atatched to other muscles exzcept outher intrinsic muscles.
- 4 pairs
- longitudinal
- transverse
- vertical
- inneration: hypoglossal

Extrinsic muscles- arise from other structures and insert into tongue
- genioglossus
- hyoglossus
- styloglossus -> hypoglossal nerve
- palatoglossu -> vagus nerve

Question 9

the tongue and sensory supply

Answer 9

divided into anterior 2/3 and posteiror 1/3

Anterior 2/3
- sensation- trigeminal (V3)
- taste - facial

Posterior 1/4
- Sensation and taste - glossopharangeal

Question 10

throat also known as

Answer 10

pharynx

Question 11

throat also known as

Answer 11

pharynx

Question 12

pharynx subdived into

Answer 12

• Nasopharynx
  o Behind nasal cavity
• Oropharynx
  o Behind oral cavity
• Laryngopharynx
  o Behind larynx

Question 13

The nasopharynx- upper pharynx

Answer 13

• Pink part in the photo
• Behind the nasal cavity
• Borders
  o Base of skull- upper border
  o C1,C2- posterior border
• Nasal cavity- anterior border
• Contains
  o Pharyngeal tonsil e.g. adenoids

Question 14

The oropharynx- middle pharynx

Answer 14

• Yellow part on photo
• Starts where the nasopharynx end
• Borders
  o Soft palate to epiglottis
  o Anterior- oral cavity
  o Posterior (C2,C3)
• Contains
  o Palatine tonsils

Question 15

palatine tonsils

Answer 15

Question 16

Laryngopharynx – lower pharynx

Answer 16

• Blue part on photos
• Borders
  o Oropharynx to oesophagus
  o Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
  o Anterior- larynx
  o Posterior (C4, C5, C6)
• Contains
  o Piriform fossa

Question 17

Piriform fossa

Answer 17

Epiglottis (flap on right photo) acts as a director of flow of fluid and water into the piriform fossa into the oesophagus instead of the trachea

Question 18

General overview of nerve innervation of pharynx

Answer 18

Question 19

satges of swallowing

Answer 19

1) Oral phase
2) Pharyngeal phase
3) Oesophageal phase

Question 20

oral stage of swallowing

Answer 20

• Voluntary
• Tongue touching hard-palate to bring bolus to the pharynx

Question 21

pharyngeal phase

Answer 21

• Involuntary
• Tongue touching hard palate
• Soft palate elevation
• Dangerous stage- shared airway space
  o Need to protect airway
  -> By shortening longitudinal muscles- elevate larynx and pharynx -> widening it
  -> Closure of epiglottis (sealing the airway)

Question 22

oesophageal phase

Answer 22

• Relaxes upper oesophageal sphincter
• Rapid peristalsis
• Lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes and bolus goes into stomach

Question 23

how may teeth do we have

Answer 23

32