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ENT > 2- Nose (common conditions) > Flashcards

2- Nose (common conditions) Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal polyps
Background

A
  • Fleshy, benign swelling of the nasal mucosa
  • Usually bilateral: common (>40 years)
  • Unilateral polyps -> red flag and should raise suspicions of tumour
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2
Q

causes of nasal polyps

A

They result from chronic inflammation and are associated with:
- Chronic rhinitis
- Asthma
- Samters triad (nasal polyps, asthma and aspirin allergy)
- CF
- Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg- Strauss)

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3
Q

presentation of nasal polyps

A
  • Polyps look slightly lighter
  • In this pic: Emerge out of the middle meatus (between middle and inferior turbinate’s)
  • Pale or yellow in appearance/ fleshy and reddened

Symptoms
- Blocked nose and water rhinorrhoea
- Post-nasal drip
- Drip goes into the pharynx and larynx- irritation and cough
- Decrease smell and reduced taste
- Sinusitis- blockage of the sinus air cavities
- Unilateral poly +/- blood tinged secretion may suggest tumour – cancer

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4
Q

nasal polyp red flag

A
  • Blocked nose and water rhinorrhoea
  • Post-nasal drip
  • Drip goes into the pharynx and larynx- irritation and cough
  • Decrease smell and reduced taste
  • Sinusitis- blockage of the sinus air cavities
  • Unilateral poly +/- blood tinged secretion may suggest tumour – cancer
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5
Q

Management of nasal polyps

A
  • Topical or systemic corticosteroids
  • Possible surgery as last option (functional endoscopic sinus surgery)
    –> Intranasal polypectomy
    –> Endoscopic nasal polypectomy (when deeper in the nose or sinuses)
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6
Q

Rhinitis
Background

A
  • Inflammation of the nasal mucosa lining
  • Entire nasal cavity affected- bilateral
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7
Q

causes of rhinitis

A
  • Simple acute infective rhinitis (viral- common cold)
  • Allergic rhinitis- similar symptoms to infective rhinitis
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8
Q

presentation of rhinitis

A
  • Nasal congestion
  • Rhinorrhoea – runny nose
  • Sneezing
  • Nasal irritation
  • Postnasal drip
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9
Q

management of rhinitis

A

Management
- Topical/ oral nasal antihistamines
- Topical intranasal steroids
- Nasal saline wash

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10
Q

sinusitis background

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses
- Acute <3 weeks (some sources say <12 weeks)
- chronic >3 months

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11
Q

paranasal sinuses

A
  • Paranasal sinuses are air filled spaces lined with resp mucosa and therefor have cilia and goblets cells – extensions of the nasal cavity
  • Sinuses drain into nasal cavities via ostia’s into a meatus  most commonly the middle meatus
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12
Q

pathophysiology of sinusitis

A
  • Infection leads to reduced ciliary function, oedema of nasal mucosa and sinus ostia and increased nasal secretions  that cant drain due to ostia blockage
  • Maxillary most commonly affected due to gravity- ostia is high up
  • Stagnant secretions- breeding ground for bacterial infection
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13
Q

causes of sinusitis

A

usually viral infection (URTI)
- Rhinovirus
- Parainfluenza virus

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14
Q

which bacteria cause sinusitis

A

only 3%
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Haemophilus influenzae

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15
Q

presentation of sinusitis

A
  • Coryzal symptoms- yellow sputum – recent URTI
  • Facial pain- esp when looking down
  • Headache
  • Nasal discharge
  • Loss of smell
  • Nasal obstruction
  • Vertigo if mucus builds up in eustachian tube
  • Ear pain, tiredness
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16
Q

management of sinusitis

A
  • Analgesia
  • Intranasal decongestants and nasal saline

If symptoms don’t improve after 10 days
- Intranasal corticosteroids for 14 days if symptoms present for more than 10 days e.g. mometasone
- Oral abx e.g. phenoxymethylpenicillin if severe presentation

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17
Q

chronic sinusitis

A

> 3 months

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18
Q

causes of chronic sinusitis

A
  • Allergies esp hay fever and environment allergies
  • Nasal polyps/ Deviated septum
  • Resp tract infection
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19
Q

investigations for chronic sinusitis

A

Investigations
- Nasal endoscopy
- CT scan

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20
Q

manageemnt of chronic sinusitis

A
  • Avoid triggers, stop smoking
  • Nasal irrigation with saline solution to relieve congestion and nasal discharge
  • Intranasal corticosteroids for up to 3 months e.g. mometasone
  • Specialist referral if unilateral symptoms
  • Recurrent otitis media/pneumonia in child

Surgery: functional endoscopic sinus surgery
- Involves using a small endoscope inserted through the nostrils and sinuses
- Removal of anything obstructing the sinuses e.g. swollen mucosa, bone, polyps, deviated septum
- Balloon inflation to dilate sinuses

21
Q

Nasal Spray Technique

A

Steroid nasal sprays are often misused, which means they will not be as effective. A good question to ask is, “do you taste the spray at the back of your throat after using it?” Tasting the spray means it has gone past the nasal mucosa and will not be as effective.
The technique involves:
* Tilting the head slightly forward
* Using the left hand to spray into the right nostril, and vice versa (this directs the spray slightly away from the septum)
* NOT sniffing hard during the spray
* Very gently inhaling through the nose after the spray

TOM TIP: It is worth learning and practising how to explain the use of a steroid nasal spray. You may be asked to explain how to use a steroid nasal spray in your OSCEs. I probably explain the technique several times a month in general practice.

22
Q

nasal fracture background

A

around 50% of all facial fractures

23
Q

causes of nasal fractures

A

trauma to nose

24
Q

presentation of nose fracture

A
  • deformity to the nose
  • swelling
  • skin laceration
  • ecchymosis
  • epistaxis
  • CSF rhinorrhea
25
Q

investigations for nasal fracture

A
  • No place for X-ray
  • CT preferred imaging modality – would only be needed with more serious injuries needing facial and skull X-ray
26
Q

management of nasal fractures

A

Can be seen semi electively (within 7-10 days of injury) to be assessed for nasal deformity or obstruction

  • Non-displaced fractures can be managed conservatively
  • If displaced- manipulation under either local or general anesthetic, if not it may need surgery 12 months after the operation
  • Must also exclude complications like septal haematoma which would need draining
  • If aesthetic results unsatisfactory -> rhinoplasty or septoplasty
  • Refer to ENT if required
27
Q

septal haematoma background

A
  • Potential complication from nasal injury
  • very important not to miss
  • always look up the nose
28
Q

causes of septal ahematoma

A
  • Buckling(bending) of cartilage due to trauma
29
Q

Pathophysiology of nasal haematoma

A
  • Tears/shears blood vessel
  • Accumulation of blood
  • Strips perichondrium away from cartilage (nasal septum)
  • Causes submucosal blood vessels to tear and blood to accumulate within this sapce
  • Starving cartilage of blood supply
  • Cartilage dies-> fibrosis and affects shape
  • Infection can be an issue
30
Q

diagnosis of nasal haematoma

A
  • Must look up the nostrils for swelling
  • Visible on anterior rhinoscopy as boggy red/purple sweeling from the nasal septum
    -> Using a jobson horn probe, gently palpate the mucosa, as a haematoma will be fluctuant, which helps to differentiate from a deviated septum
31
Q

Management of nasal haematoma

A

Incision and drainage and a tamponade placed to stick perichondrium back onto cartilage

32
Q

Complications of nasal haematoma

A
  • If you don’t treat septal haematoma- Saddle nose deformity due to avascular necrosis
  • Nasal septal abscesses
33
Q

deviated nasal septum background

A
  • A deviated septum occurs when the thin wall (nasal septum) between your nasal passages is displaced to one side. In many people, the nasal septum is off-center — or deviated — making one nasal passage smaller
34
Q

causes of deviated nasal septum

A
  • Present at birth
  • Injury to the nose
35
Q

presentation of deviated nasal septum

A
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Crusting + bleeding
  • Recurrent sinus infections
  • May also have no symptoms
36
Q

Investigations for deviated nasal septum

A

CT scan and nasal endoscopy

37
Q

Management of deviated nasal septum

A
  • Nasal sprays including decongestants, antihistamine and corticosteroids
  • Surgery: may need a septoplasty operation to correct the septum deviation if causing significant problems
38
Q

nose bleeds ‘epistaxis’ background

A

can be due to anterior or posterior bleed in the nasal cavity

39
Q

anterior bleed of the nose

A

Kiesselbachs plexus (branches of the maxillary artery) (‘littles area’) – most common
- Area of the nasal mucosa at the front of the nasal cavity that contains amin blood vessels
- E.g. picking nose

40
Q

Posterior bleed

A

Sphenopalatine artery (10%)
- small proportion
- more serious and difficult to reach
- often bleeding from both nostrils and vomiting blood
- Older patients

41
Q

causes of nose bleeds

A

Causes
* Nose picking
* Colds
* Sinusitis
* Vigorous nose-blowing
* Trauma
* Changes in the weather
* Coagulation disorders (e.g., thrombocytopenia or Von Willebrand disease)
* Anticoagulant medication (e.g., aspirin, DOACs or warfarin)
* Snorting cocaine
* Tumours (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma)

42
Q

Presentation of nose bleeds

A
  • Blood leaking from nose
  • When a patient swallows blood during nosebleed -> vomit blood
  • Usually unilateral
  • Bleeding from both nostrils indicates bleeding posteriorly (sphenopalatine artery) in the nose
    –> Higher risk of aspiration of blood
43
Q

management of simple nose bleed

A
  • Sit up tilt head forward (not backwards- aspiration)
  • Squeeze soft part of nostrils for 10-15 minutes
  • Spit out any blood in the mouth rather than swallowing
44
Q

what is considered a significant nose bleed

A

if last >10-15 mins

bleeding from both nostrils

haemodynamically unstable

45
Q

management of significant nose bleed

A

Hospital admission
1) Examination
- Inspection with thudichum
- If too much blood to visualise septum -> adrenaline soaked gauze ->vasoconstriction

2) Nasal packing using nasal tampons or inflatable packs
- Anterior packing initially
- Posterior packing with a Foley catheter
3) Nasal cautery using silver nitrate sticks
4) Surgery- ligated surgically of embolised radiologically

46
Q

maangement after an acute nosebleeds

A

Naseptin nasal cream (chlorhexidine or neomycin) 4 x daily for 10 days to reduce crusting, inflammation and infection

47
Q

Management of recurrent nose bleeds

A

After nosebleed avoid
* Blowing or picking the nose.
* Heavy lifting.
* Strenuous exercise.
* Lying flat.
* Drinking alcohol or hot drinks.

48
Q

Investigations for recurrent nose bleeds

A
  • Full blood count (thrombocytopenia)
  • Clotting panel
  • If worried about cancer refer to ENT on 2 week wait
49
Q

management of recurrent nose bleeds

A
  • Naseptin applied to nostrils 4 x day for 10 days -> reduce crusting and vestibulitis
    Beware of allergy to neomycin, peanut or soya**
  • Nasal cautery (more uncomfortable) with silver nitrate

ENT (17 decks)

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