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Biology 100.01 > 3 - The Animal Cell > Flashcards

3 - The Animal Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Nucleus

A

Eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not.

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2
Q

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles, eukaryotes do.

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3
Q

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Size

A

Prokaryotes: small
Eukaryotes: big

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4
Q

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: DNA

A

Prokaryotes: found in nucleiod
Eukaryotes: found in nucleus

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5
Q

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Division

A

Prokaryotes: binary fission
Eukaryotes: mitosis/meiosis

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6
Q

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: cell walls

A

Prokaryotes: have peptidoglycan
Eukaryotes: LAGAY MO MAMAYA

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7
Q

What is the outer boundary of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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8
Q

How do the materials flow through the plasma membrane?

[Additional questions: Which materials can easily pass through, and which cannot? How to the materials that cannot easily pass through do so?]

A

Selective

  • Gases & water can easily pass through
  • Ions need the aid of carrier proteins
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9
Q

What makes something amphipathic?

[HINT/ADDITIONAL QUESTION: What is the plasma membrane structurally?]

A

Something is amphipathic when both sides of the membrane are hydrophobic (enclosed/inner area) and hydrophilic (exposed/outer area).

[Phospholipid]

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10
Q

What are the different membrane proteins?

A

Transporters
Recognition proteins
Enzymes
Signal Transduction

TRES

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11
Q

What are the different membrane carbohydrates? What are each of them attached to?

A

Glycoprotein: attached to carbohydrate
Glycolipid: attached to phospholipid

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12
Q

Discuss the fluid mosaic model

A
  • Work of Art po ang plasma membrane
  • mosaic siya ng components (phospholipids, membrane proteins, membrane carbs)
  • As a result, fluid siya HAHHAHAH BASTA YUN KERI
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13
Q

What are the 6 ways that things can move along the protein membrane?

A 
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

DOFAEE

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14
Q

Differentiate diffusion and facilitated diffusion

A

Both involve moving along a concentration gradient, but facilitated diffusion involves the help of carrier proteins

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15
Q

Describe osmosis and how the concentration of solute affects the direction of water flow

A

Diffusion: movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Lower solute concentration –> higher solute concentration
(Solute = “salt” para mas maalala mo HEHE)

Let’s say that the solute is salt. Therefore,
Cell in Hypotonic: wow where is d salt in d solution???? (movement from solution to cell)
Cell in Isotonic: mmmm sakto lang (movement is both ways)
Cell in Hypertonic: ALAT NG SOLUTION (movement from cell to solution)

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16
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport: movement against concentration gradient

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17
Q

What does active transport need to work?

A
  • Carrier proteins

- ATP

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18
Q

What is endocytosis and what are its two kinds?

A

Endocytosis = vesicle formation

Can be phagocytosis or pinocytosis

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19
Q

What is phagocytosis and what does it engulf?

A

Cell eating

Engulfs bacteria & viruses

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20
Q

What do you call the vesicle formed from phagocytosis?

A

Phagosome

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21
Q

What is pinocytosis and what does it engulf?

A

Cell drinking

Wanted liquids, vitamins, and hormones

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22
Q

What do you call the vesicle formed from pinocytosis?

A

Caveolae

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23
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Exocytosis is the process of the golgi enclosing substances and expelling them. (If endocytosis:consuming, exocytosis:shitting)

For this to work, the vesicles bind with the membrane

24
Q

What is the job of the nucleus

A

Protein synthesis

Transmission of genetic material among generations

25
Q

What are the parts of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus

(Think: membrane, swimmy thingy, nucleus of the nucleus)

26
Q

What can nuclear pores do and where are they located?

A
  • allow entry & exit of substances

- found in nuclear pores

27
Q

Describe the process of transcription (which takes place in the nucleus)

A
  1. Helicase uncoils DNA
  2. RNA polymerase transcripts DNA to mRNA
  3. mRNA leaves through nuclear pores
28
Q

What is the role of the ribosome?

A

Protein manufacturing centers

mRNA –> Protein

29
Q

What are the parts of the mitochondria

A

Inner and outer membrane
Cristae
Matrix

30
Q

What is the cristae?

A
  • found in mitochondria

- enfoldings in inner membrane

31
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Fluid filled space in mitochondria

32
Q

What is the job of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Manufacturing centers

33
Q

Discuss the difference bet smooth & rough ER

A

Smooth: no ribosomes (lipid synthesis)
Rough: have ribosomes (for protein synthesis)

34
Q

What are the spaces in the smooth ER that have enzymes for lipid synthesis?

A

Cisternae

35
Q

What are the 2 jobs of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Processing & Packaging

- Vesicle formation in cytoplasm

36
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

Part of cell that provides structure

Smth about intermediate filaments

37
Q

What are microtubules? Relate them to the centrosomes and centrioles.

A

Microtubules: form spindle fibers
Centrosomes: have centrioles
Centrioles: form microtubules (through tubulin)

38
Q

What happens to the microtubules when the cell is not dividing?

A

Disappear

39
Q

What do centrioles make to form microtubules

A

Tubulin

40
Q

What are the two kinds of surfaces of cells?

A
  • Cilia and Flagella

- Pseudopodia

41
Q

Cilia and Flagella.
Where are they found?
What do they do?

A
  • in epithelial cells

- sweep sweep (materials away from the source) hehehh swish swish bish

42
Q

Differentiate the cilia and flagella

A

Cilia: shorter, move like how your arms move in a concert (back and forth)
Flagella: longer, move like… a propeller

43
Q

Pseudopodia.
What is it?
What is it for?

A

Lobular structures of plasma membrane for movement

44
Q

What is the pseudopodia composed of?

A

Actin microfilaments

45
Q

Differentiate mitosis and meiosis.

Guide questions:

  • which kinds of cells perform meiosis/mitosis?
  • How many chromosomes of what kind are produced?
A 
Mitosis = somatic cells = 2 identical diploid
Meiosis = gametes = 4 haploid (aka 1/2 of parent chromosomes)
46
Q

What are the 3 phases of interphase?

A

Gap 1
Synthesis
Gap 2

47
Q

What takes place in G1 phase?

A

Increase in size

48
Q

What takes place in the Synthesis phase

A

Replication of chromosomes

49
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

Same organization

50
Q

What happens during the G2 phase?

A
  • organelles double
  • new cytoplasm
  • structures needed for mitosis form
51
Q

Sige nga kwento mo anong nangyayari sa prophase ng mitosis

A
  • Chromosomes visible
  • Nuclear membrane bye bye
  • Hello centrosomes and spindle forms
52
Q

Sige nga kwento mo anong nangyayari sa metaphase ng mitosis

A
  • Chromosomes line up on equator plate

- Spindles attach to kinetochore in centromere

53
Q

Sige nga kwento mo anong nangyayari sa anaphase ng mitosis

A
  • Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

- Spindle fibers shorten (bc of depolymerization of microtubules aka nagbbreak down siya yo)

54
Q

Sige nga kwento mo anong nangyayari sa telophase ng mitosis

A
  • Chromosomes uncoil and become chromatine
  • Bumalik na ang nuclear membranes
  • Cleavage furrow pinches two cells apart (cell plate in plants fun fact)
  • Byebye spindle
55
Q

What sets Meiosis apart from mitosis?

A
  1. Gametes po lamang ang naguundergo ng meiosis
  2. 2 po ang cell divisions (Meiosis I at Meiosis II)
  3. Special po ang prophase 1 dahil mayroon itong crossing over
  4. Ang meiosis II ay nangyayari with 23 chromosomes wOw
56
Q

What happens in crossing over?

A
  • Arms touch YIEIEIEI
  • Intersection is called chiasma
  • Exchange of genetic matl among 2 homologous chromosomes
  • Result? Genetic recombination!
57
Q

What are 3 examples of microscopes

A

Light
Transmission Electron M (organelles)
Scanning Electron M. (external surface)

Biology 100.01 (4 decks)

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