3 - The Animal Cell

Question 1

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Nucleus

Answer 1

Eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not.

Question 2

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Membrane bound organelles

Answer 2

Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles, eukaryotes do.

Question 3

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Size

Answer 3

Prokaryotes: small
Eukaryotes: big

Question 4

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: DNA

Answer 4

Prokaryotes: found in nucleiod
Eukaryotes: found in nucleus

Question 5

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Division

Answer 5

Prokaryotes: binary fission
Eukaryotes: mitosis/meiosis

Question 6

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: cell walls

Answer 6

Prokaryotes: have peptidoglycan
Eukaryotes: LAGAY MO MAMAYA

Question 7

What is the outer boundary of the cell

Answer 7

Plasma membrane

Question 8

How do the materials flow through the plasma membrane?

[Additional questions: Which materials can easily pass through, and which cannot? How to the materials that cannot easily pass through do so?]

Answer 8

Selective

• Gases & water can easily pass through
• Ions need the aid of carrier proteins

Question 9

What makes something amphipathic?

[HINT/ADDITIONAL QUESTION: What is the plasma membrane structurally?]

Answer 9

Something is amphipathic when both sides of the membrane are hydrophobic (enclosed/inner area) and hydrophilic (exposed/outer area).

[Phospholipid]

Question 10

What are the different membrane proteins?

Answer 10

Transporters
Recognition proteins
Enzymes
Signal Transduction

TRES

Question 11

What are the different membrane carbohydrates? What are each of them attached to?

Answer 11

Glycoprotein: attached to carbohydrate
Glycolipid: attached to phospholipid

Question 12

Discuss the fluid mosaic model

Answer 12

• Work of Art po ang plasma membrane
• mosaic siya ng components (phospholipids, membrane proteins, membrane carbs)
• As a result, fluid siya HAHHAHAH BASTA YUN KERI

Question 13

What are the 6 ways that things can move along the protein membrane?

Answer 13

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

DOFAEE

Question 14

Differentiate diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Answer 14

Both involve moving along a concentration gradient, but facilitated diffusion involves the help of carrier proteins

Question 15

Describe osmosis and how the concentration of solute affects the direction of water flow

Answer 15

Diffusion: movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Lower solute concentration –> higher solute concentration
(Solute = “salt” para mas maalala mo HEHE)

Let’s say that the solute is salt. Therefore,
Cell in Hypotonic: wow where is d salt in d solution???? (movement from solution to cell)
Cell in Isotonic: mmmm sakto lang (movement is both ways)
Cell in Hypertonic: ALAT NG SOLUTION (movement from cell to solution)

Question 16

What is active transport?

Answer 16

Active transport: movement against concentration gradient

Question 17

What does active transport need to work?

Answer 17

• Carrier proteins

- ATP

Question 18

What is endocytosis and what are its two kinds?

Answer 18

Endocytosis = vesicle formation

Can be phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Question 19

What is phagocytosis and what does it engulf?

Answer 19

Cell eating

Engulfs bacteria & viruses

Question 20

What do you call the vesicle formed from phagocytosis?

Answer 20

Phagosome

Question 21

What is pinocytosis and what does it engulf?

Answer 21

Cell drinking

Wanted liquids, vitamins, and hormones

Question 22

What do you call the vesicle formed from pinocytosis?

Answer 22

Caveolae

Question 23

What is exocytosis?

Answer 23

Exocytosis is the process of the golgi enclosing substances and expelling them. (If endocytosis:consuming, exocytosis:shitting)

For this to work, the vesicles bind with the membrane

Question 24

What is the job of the nucleus

Answer 24

Protein synthesis

Transmission of genetic material among generations

Question 25

What are the parts of the nucleus?

Answer 25

Nuclear envelope Nucleoplasm Nucleolus (Think: membrane, swimmy thingy, nucleus of the nucleus)

Question 26

What can nuclear pores do and where are they located?

Answer 26

- allow entry & exit of substances | - found in nuclear pores

Question 27

Describe the process of transcription (which takes place in the nucleus)

Answer 27

1. Helicase uncoils DNA 2. RNA polymerase transcripts DNA to mRNA 3. mRNA leaves through nuclear pores

Question 28

What is the role of the ribosome?

Answer 28

Protein manufacturing centers | mRNA --> Protein

Question 29

What are the parts of the mitochondria

Answer 29

Inner and outer membrane Cristae Matrix

Question 30

What is the cristae?

Answer 30

- found in mitochondria | - enfoldings in inner membrane

Question 31

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 31

Fluid filled space in mitochondria

Question 32

What is the job of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 32

Manufacturing centers

Question 33

Discuss the difference bet smooth & rough ER

Answer 33

Smooth: no ribosomes (lipid synthesis) Rough: have ribosomes (for protein synthesis)

Question 34

What are the spaces in the smooth ER that have enzymes for lipid synthesis?

Answer 34

Cisternae

Question 35

What are the 2 jobs of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 35

- Processing & Packaging | - Vesicle formation in cytoplasm

Question 36

What is the cytoskeleton

Answer 36

Part of cell that provides structure | Smth about intermediate filaments

Question 37

What are microtubules? Relate them to the centrosomes and centrioles.

Answer 37

Microtubules: form spindle fibers Centrosomes: have centrioles Centrioles: form microtubules (through tubulin)

Question 38

What happens to the microtubules when the cell is not dividing?

Answer 38

Disappear

Question 39

What do centrioles make to form microtubules

Answer 39

Tubulin

Question 40

What are the two kinds of surfaces of cells?

Answer 40

- Cilia and Flagella | - Pseudopodia

Question 41

Cilia and Flagella. Where are they found? What do they do?

Answer 41

- in epithelial cells | - sweep sweep (materials away from the source) hehehh swish swish bish

Question 42

Differentiate the cilia and flagella

Answer 42

Cilia: shorter, move like how your arms move in a concert (back and forth) Flagella: longer, move like... a propeller

Question 43

Pseudopodia. What is it? What is it for?

Answer 43

Lobular structures of plasma membrane for movement

Question 44

What is the pseudopodia composed of?

Answer 44

Actin microfilaments

Question 45

Differentiate mitosis and meiosis. Guide questions: - which kinds of cells perform meiosis/mitosis? - How many chromosomes of what kind are produced?

Answer 45

``` Mitosis = somatic cells = 2 identical diploid Meiosis = gametes = 4 haploid (aka 1/2 of parent chromosomes) ```

Question 46

What are the 3 phases of interphase?

Answer 46

Gap 1 Synthesis Gap 2

Question 47

What takes place in G1 phase?

Answer 47

Increase in size

Question 48

What takes place in the Synthesis phase

Answer 48

Replication of chromosomes

Question 49

What is a homologous chromosome?

Answer 49

Same organization

Question 50

What happens during the G2 phase?

Answer 50

- organelles double - new cytoplasm - structures needed for mitosis form

Question 51

Sige nga kwento mo anong nangyayari sa prophase ng mitosis

Answer 51

- Chromosomes visible - Nuclear membrane bye bye - Hello centrosomes and spindle forms

Question 52

Sige nga kwento mo anong nangyayari sa metaphase ng mitosis

Answer 52

- Chromosomes line up on equator plate | - Spindles attach to kinetochore in centromere

Question 53

Sige nga kwento mo anong nangyayari sa anaphase ng mitosis

Answer 53

- Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles | - Spindle fibers shorten (bc of depolymerization of microtubules aka nagbbreak down siya yo)

Question 54

Sige nga kwento mo anong nangyayari sa telophase ng mitosis

Answer 54

- Chromosomes uncoil and become chromatine - Bumalik na ang nuclear membranes - Cleavage furrow pinches two cells apart (cell plate in plants fun fact) - Byebye spindle

Question 55

What sets Meiosis apart from mitosis?

Answer 55

1. Gametes po lamang ang naguundergo ng meiosis 2. 2 po ang cell divisions (Meiosis I at Meiosis II) 3. Special po ang prophase 1 dahil mayroon itong crossing over 4. Ang meiosis II ay nangyayari with 23 chromosomes wOw

Question 56

What happens in crossing over?

Answer 56

- Arms touch YIEIEIEI - Intersection is called chiasma - Exchange of genetic matl among 2 homologous chromosomes - Result? Genetic recombination!

Question 57

What are 3 examples of microscopes

Answer 57

Light Transmission Electron M (organelles) Scanning Electron M. (external surface)