3 - TEM

Question 1

What is TEM?

Answer 1

The process of defending and responding to threats and errors to ensure that the ensuing outcome is inconsequential (i.e. not an error, further error, or UAS)

Question 2

What defines a threat?

Answer 2

Events or errors that;

• occur outside the influence of the flight crew
• increase operational complexity
• increase probability of an error
• require crew attention/management to maintain safety margins

Question 3

What are the 3 types of threats?

Answer 3

Anticipated
Unexpected
Latent

Question 4

What categories and subcategories of threats are there (2)? Examples?

Answer 4

EXTERNAL

Environmental
- weather
- ATC
- Traffic
- Density alt

Organisational (operational or latent)
- operational pressure
- maintenance errors
- ground handling errors

• SOPs
• training deficiencies
• hardware design

INTERNAL
- stress
- fatigue
- complacency
- hazardous attitudes
- lack of currency

Question 5

What 3 classes of errors are there? examples?

Answer 5

Handling
- operating ac outside performance envelope
- incorrect navigation
- inaccurate performance calcs/flight planning
- poor systems management

Procedural
- checklist errors
- SOP violations
- briefings missed or incomplete
- incorrect MEL/QRH procedures

Communication
- pilot to pilot
- crew to external

Question 6

What are the stages to managing an error?

Answer 6

Avoid, trap, mitigate

Countermeasures (planning, execution, review)

Question 7

What is an UAS?

Answer 7

Pilot induced aircraft position or speed deviations, misapplication of flight controls, or incorrect systems configuration, associated with a reduction in safety margins

Question 8

Examples of errors/threat countermeasures

Answer 8

Planning
- TCTWO
- briefing
- back up plans/alternates
- Imsafe
- pre flight

Execution
- KDP
- Cross checking
- Aviate navigate communicate
- checklist disipline
- SOP adherance

Review
- Performing a self review
- Reporting
- asking and giving for feedback/advice
- appropriate use of enquiry and advocacy