3. Stem Cells and Regenerative Med Flashcards by Megan Mathews

Which of the following is true regarding stem cells?

a. Adult stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into any germ layer
b. Embryonic stem cells are found in the inner cell mass of the blastomere
c. Stem cells can be used in the treatment of sickle cell anemia
d. Stem cells of ectodermal origin can be used in treatment of joint diseases

C is correct
Which of the following is true regarding stem cells?

adult stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate into multiple but limited lineages

b. Embryonic stem cells are found in the inner cell mass of the BLASTOCYST
d. Stem cells of MESENCHYMAL origin can be used in tx of jt dz (such as adipose)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes teratomas in immunodeficient mice? 
A)Induced pluripotent stem cell 
B)Multipotent stem cells 
C)Bone marrow derived stem cells 
D)Embryonic stem cells

D)Embryonic stem cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hematopoeitic stem cells display what surface markers? 
a)CD 31  
b)CD 34 
c)PECAM 
d)LPS

b)CD 34

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are induced pluripotent stem cells created?

a) Using cell culture and adding growth factors
b) Use of high density and short duration UV light
c) Addition of base pairs to the nucleus of a differentiated cell
d) Using viral transduction of genes for nuclear programing

d)Using viral transduction of genes for nuclear programing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4) Adult stem cells are considered______?
a. Pluripotent
b. Multipotent
c. Unipotent
d. Differentiated cells only

b.Multipotent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 4 types of stem cells

adult
embryonic
fetal/perinatal
induced pluripotent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define pluripotent and name an example?

differentiate into cells from > 1 germ layer but NOT extraembryonic; (induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define multipotent and name an example?

Restricted to the germ layer linage from which they originate; (fetal/perinatal; mesenchymal)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 requirements for a cell to be called a mesenchymal stem cell?

Exhibit spindle cell shape
Form colonies of cells from single parent cells
Express a certain set of cell surface markers that exclude it from hematopoietic lineages
Possess tri-lineage differentiation
Osteoblast, Adipocyte, Chondrocyte

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the Black and colleagues study which evaluated the effect of a single injection of intra-articular SVF cells obtained from various locations in 18 dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip joint using a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. … clinical outcomes after therapy improved 30% to 40% compared to baseline.

true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functional platelets are required for successful primary coagulation, or the complex process by which platelets adhere, spread, and aggregate to form a platelet plug that establishes a cell-matrix framework for initiation and completion of ______ hemostasis.

secondary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

plasma sample to be considered platelet-rich plasma, the platelet concentration should be at least __-__ higher than the concentration in peripheral blood
1.5-2 b. 2-3 c. 3-5 d. 5-8

c 3-5

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Platelet-rich plasma has been shown to increase the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner.

true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

\_\_\_\_ present within platelet-rich plasma has been shown to increase collagen type I production in tendon fibroblasts
TGF-β
VEGF
IGF
PDGF

TGF-β

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

There is currently no evidence supporting the concept that platelet-rich plasma, if used alone, accelerates cortical bone healing.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

feline mesenchymal stem cells occurred in 2002, when Martin and colleagues …adipose-derived feline mesenchymal stem cells proliferated slower than marrow-derived cells, and that both tissue types produced cell populations with different flow cytometry profiles, indicating felines were different in that aspect vs other species.

False
proliferated faster than marrow-derived cells, and that both tissue types produced cell populations with similar but not identical flow cytometry profiles, similar to results in other species.

Define totipotent and name an example.

potential to differentiate into cell from cells of the germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm); fertilized zygote

List the three main classes of naturally occuring stem cells & the fourth category as a bonus:

Embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, fetal/perinatal stem cells
Fourth category = artificially created induced pluripotent stem cells

______ stem cells have the ability to differentiate into cells from each of the germ layer lineages, as well as extraembryonic tissues.

A. Multipotent
B. Pluripotent
C. Totipotent
D. Hemipotent

______ stem cells have the ability to differentiate into cells from each of the germ layer lineages, as well as extraembryonic tissues.

C. Totipotent

List 3 places perinatal stem cells are harvested from:

Umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, fetal membranes

True or false?
Mesenchymal stem cells are excellent candidates for regenerative medicine due to the fact that they are unlikely to induce an immune response when used in an autologous manner.

TRUE
Mesenchymal stem cells are excellent candidates for regenerative medicine due to the fact that they are unlikely to induce an immune response when used in an autologous manner.

What are the 4 criteria for mesenchymal stem cell definition?

Correct morphology (plastic adherence and spindle shaped).
Colony forming potential in CFU assays.
Flow cytometry to assess the cell surface markers.
Must have tri-lineage differentiation.

Why are mesenchymal stem cells specifically an excellent candidate for regen medicine?

Can be isolated from adult tissues (bone, fat, synovium, muscle, teeth), undergo rapid (but not limitless) proliferation (get a ton of cells), and are unlikely to induce an immune response if used in an autologous manner. Also great for orthopedics because they can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and tenocytes which may repopulate injured tissues. Can home to sites of injury and contribute to tissue repair through migration and invasion events. Appear to be some-what anti-inflammatory +/- immunosuppressive.

What is the most common form of collection/administration for mesenchymal stem cells?

Autogenic is the most common currently, but there are a few companies looking at creating allogenic samples. Samples for the autogenic material is often from fat vs bone marrow.

What are the two routes of stem cell administration?

What are the two routes of stem cell administration? 1. Direct implantation/injection at the site of injury or disease 2. Systemic administration of soluble cell suspensions (cytotherapy)

Systemically administered stem cells circulate via the blood supply to the site of injury, guided by recruitment signals secreted by the injured tissue. However, in animal models, it has been shown that ____(what percent)____ of systemically injected cells successfully home, migrate to the site of injury, and survive to permanently engraft in reparative tissue, with the residual cells remaining trapped by the capillary beds of the lungs, liver, and spleen.

Less than 5%. Systemically administered stem cells circulate via the blood supply to the site of injury, guided by recruitment signals secreted by the injured tissue. However, in animal models, it has been shown that <5% of systemically injected cells successfully home, migrate to the site of injury, and survive to permanently engraft in reparative tissue, with the residual cells remaining trapped by the capillary beds of the lungs, liver, and spleen.

What is tissue engineering?

What is tissue engineering? Common regenerative medicine strategy using the combination of mesenchymal stem cells, specialized three-dimensional scaffolds, and, in some cases, additional growth factors to enhance differentiation or angiogenesis. Has been successfully used to treat bone, cartilage, and tendon injuries in animal models.

What are the limitations of stem cell therapy?

What are the limitations of stem cell therapy? Gaps in basic science knowledge. Inherent variability in the mesenchymal stem cell product due to the effects of donor age. Tissue source and isolation methods. Inability to prospectively assess individual bone marrow concentrate or stromal vascular fraction preparations at the time of isolation and administration. Access to facilities and expertise required to isolate and expand mesenchymal stem cells in culture. Increasing federal regulatory oversight. Current lack of strong evidence supporting efficacy for mesenchymal stem cell therapy in client-owned animals (and studies that have been done have lacked control groups and may demonstrate strong placebo effect).

What are the risks of stem cell therapy?

What are the risks of stem cell therapy? Contamination/infection. Teratoma/potential tumorigenic capacity (to date there have not been any reports of mesenchymal stem cell–induced neoplasms in the clinical setting in either human beings or veterinary species). Microvasculature embolization ischemia when administered IV (reports of myocardial ischemia; vomiting and increased respiratory rate and effort in cats; pulmonary edema and hemorrhage in dogs).

Explain a significant challenge pertaining to mesenchymal stem cell medical use and studies of efficacy outlined in the chapter?

Explain a significant challenge pertaining to mesenchymal stem cell medical use and studies of efficacy outlined in the chapter? Individual preparations of mesenchymal cells possess unique performance metrics. Each batch will be unique.

What 2 disease processes have been most studied in regards to stem cell therapy in dogs? Broadly what conclusion should be drawn from the available research?

What 2 disease processes have been most studied in regards to stem cell therapy in dogs? Broadly what conclusion should be drawn from the available research? 1. Osteoarthritis and Spinal Cord injury 2. Foundational work has been laid out, however, there are many limitations to current studies suggesting efficacy

In cats, for which disease has studies been the most compelling for the use of stem cell therapy in terms of clinical improvement?

In cats, for which disease has studies been the most compelling for the use of stem cell therapy in terms of clinical improvement? Feline Gingivostomatitis (Arzi et al.)