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Psych > 3: Senses > Flashcards

3: Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

A

the nature of a sensation depends on which sensory fibers are stimulated, not how

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2
Q

senses

A 
vision
hearing
touch/pain
taste
smell
kinesthesis (body position)
vestibular system (body movement)
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3
Q

environmental stimulus

A

1
everything in the environment that we an potentially perceive (electromagnetic radiation/light, pressure changes in the air/sound, mechanical pressure, temperature, airborne molecules, ingested water-soluble molecules)

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4
Q

attended stimulus

A

2

a particular stimulus that is focused on making it the center of attention

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5
Q

stimulus on the receptors

A

3

ex) electromagnetic waves -> photoreceptors of eyes

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6
Q

perceptional process

A

stimulus

  1. environmental stimulus
  2. attended stimulus
  3. stimulus on the receptors

electricity

  1. transduction
  2. transmission
  3. processing
experience/action
7. perception
8. recognition
9. action
knowledge
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7
Q

transduction

A

4

physical stimulus -> neural signal

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8
Q

transmission

A

5

neural signals -> activate other neurons which active more neurons

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9
Q

processing

A

6

electrical signals undergo neural processing (involves interaction between neurons)

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10
Q

perception

A

7

conscious sensory experience

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11
Q

recognition

A

8

our ability to place an object in a category

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12
Q

action

A

9

includes mother activities such as moving head/eyes and locomotion through the environment

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13
Q

perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive on thing and not another

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14
Q

knowledge

A

any info that the perceiver brings to a situation

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15
Q

sensation

A

process by which sensory receptors/nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment

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16
Q

bottom-up processing

A

starts at the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

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17
Q

perception

A

process of organizing/interpreting sensory info, enabling the human to recognize meaningful objects/events

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18
Q

top-down processing

A

constructs perceptions from the sensory input by drawing on experience/expectations

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19
Q

thresholds

A

.

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20
Q

sensory coding

A

.

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21
Q

intensity

A

.

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22
Q

quality

A

.

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23
Q

adaptation

A

.

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24
Q

rate of firing

A

how nervous system codes stimulus intensity
greater rate = more intense
also through

25
Q

sensory quality

A

how the nervous system represents the difference between modalities (vision and hearing) and within modalities (low vs high pitched sound, bitter vs sweet)

26
Q

specificity coding

A

representation of specific stimuli by the hiring of neurons that are specificied to respond to just these stimuli (the grandmother neuron)

27
Q

distributed (pattern) coding

A

the representation of specific stimuli by the pattern of firing of many neurons

28
Q

sensory adaptation

A

process where the sensitivity to a stimulus declines if the stimulus is presented for an extended period of time

29
Q

wavelength

A

distance over which the wave’s shape repeats (peak to peak/trough to trough)

30
Q

photons

A

quantum of electromagnetic radiation

31
Q

hue

A

dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

32
Q

intensity

A

amount of energy in a light or sound wave which we perceive as brightness or loudness
determined by amplitude

33
Q

ganglion cell axons

A

60% cross chiasm
40% continue on same side
form on each side of optic tract
terminate in primary visual or striate cortex or V1

34
Q

cornea

A

transparent “window” into the eyeball (ca. 13mm) seres as simple fixed lens that begins to gather light and concentrate it)

35
Q

iris

A

colored, smooth muscle ring controlling size of the pupil

36
Q

crystalline lens

A

lens inside the eye which enables changing focus, can change the shape (altering the focus of the retinal image)

37
Q

pupil

A

where light enters the eye, size is. controlled by reflex (bright - contracts up to 2mm, dark dilates up to 8mm)

38
Q

retina

A

light sensitive membrane in the back of the eye that photoreceptors which receive an image from the lens and send it to the brain through optic nerve

39
Q

photoreceptors

A

cells in the retina that initially transduce light energy into neural energy

40
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors specialized for night vision (90 million)

41
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors specialized for day vision, fine visual acuity, and color (4-5 million)

42
Q

pigment

A

any substance that absorbs light

43
Q

photopigments

A 
differ in wavelength at which they absorb light most efficiently
cones:
purple S-
green M-
red L-
44
Q

receptive field

A

area of retina that influences firing rate of ganglion cell when stimulated

45
Q

excitatory influence

A

increases firing rate

46
Q

inhibitory influence

A

decreasing firing rate

47
Q

on-center cell

A

depolarizes in response to an increase in light intensity in its receptive field (RF) center

48
Q

off-center cell

A

depolarizes in response to an decrease in light intensity in its receptive field (RF) center

49
Q

where pathway

A

visual areas in the dorsal stream -> parietal lobe -> process info relating to location of objects and actions required to interact

50
Q

what pathway

A

visual areas in the ventral stream -> temporal lobe -> process info relating to object recognition

51
Q

cross-talk

A

anatomical connections between pathways

52
Q

modularity

A

specialization of certain cortical areas for specific visual qualities

53
Q

module

A

particular structure of the brain that contains a large proportion of neurons that respond selectively to a particular quantity

54
Q

middle temporal (MT) cortex

A

module for movement

55
Q

inferotemporal (IT) cortex

A

module for form

56
Q

primary cells

A

respond best to stimuli like slits/spots/ellipses/squares

57
Q

elaborate cells

A

respond to complex stimuli like specific shapes/combined with color/texture

58
Q

specificity coding

A

representation of specific stimuli by firing of neurons that are specified to respond to just these stimuli

59
Q

distributed coding

A

representation of specific stimuli by the pattern of firing of many neurons

Psych (5 decks)

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