Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CRRAB 2 > 3: Respiratory ID > Flashcards

3: Respiratory ID Flashcards

1
Q

7 features of resp tract anatomy that help rid system of pathogens

A

Mucociliary lining of nasal cavity, change of direction of airway from sinuses to pharynx (adenoids), ciliary elevator, normal flora competition (staph), alveolar macrophages, IgA, nasal hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 main obstacles microorganisms must overcome

A

Avoid mucus layers or survive in it (and get swallowed), avoid phagocytosis or survive in phagocytic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of turbinate bones (“baffle plates”)?

A

-> air swirling forcing contact w mucus covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the mucociliary escalator work? Where is it?

A

Covers most of bronchi, bronchioles and nose. Mucus producing goblet cells + ciliated epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What effect does smoking have on the mucociliary escalator?

A

Paralyzes cilia -> higher rate of infection. They do regrow after cessation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Normal biota of the lower respiratory tract

A

None (sterile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conditions that must be met to establish respiratory tract infection (4)

A

1 sufficient dose inhaled 2 airborne infectious particles 3 particles viable in air 4 deposited on tissue susceptible to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most common microorganism for the common cold (rhinitis)

A

Almost exclusively viral, most commonly Rhinovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sinusitis most common microorganisms

A

Bacterial secondary infections, usually S. pneumo and H. flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pharyngitis most common microorganisms

A

90% viral. Important bacterial: S. pyogenes, C. diphtheriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Laryngitis/croup most common microorganisms

A

Mostly viral, parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncitytial virus (RSV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is it that you can get infections by rhinovirus (common cold) year after year?

A

100-200 distinct rhinoviruses, 50 distinct adenoviruses, several types of coronavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When might there be a cough with a common cold?

A

When infection makes its way to the lower respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is the common cold spread?

A

Hand to hand contact, fomite transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does rhinovirus infect the nasal passages?

A

attaches to ICAM-1 -> localized inflammation and lytic infection -> ciliated epith cells destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When do symptoms peak in rhinitis?

A

2-5 days, cells completely regenerated day 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why might nasal secretions change from clear to purulent during rhinitis?

A

Clear = initial rhinitis, purulent= secondary bacterial infection by normal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment of rhinitis

A

supportive therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rhinovirus classification: genoma, nucleocapsid, envelope, family

A

Class IV: ssRNA(+) non-segmented, icosahedral nucleocapsid, non-enveloped, picornaviridae family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Paramyxovirus/ parainfluenza virus classification: genome, nucleocapsid, envelope, family

A

Class V: ssRNA (-) non-segmented, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped, paramyxoviridae family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Coronavirus classification and examples (2)

A

Class IV: ssRNA+, helical nucleocapsid, enveloped, coronaviridae family. E.g. SARS and MERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Influenza classification

A

Class V: segmented ssRNA-, helical, enveloped, orthomyxoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Coxsackievirus classification

A

Class IV: ssRNA+, icosahedral, nonenveloped, picornaviridae family - enterovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adenovirus classification

A

Class I: dsDNA, icosahedral, non-enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Definition of acute rhinosinusitis. How long does the infection last?

A

Inflammation or infection of the mucosa of nasal passages + at least one of the paranasal sinuses. Lasts no longer than 4 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Most common causes of community acquired acute bacterial rhinosinusitus?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Two less common pathogens for rhinosinusitis

A

Strep pyogenes, staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Presentation of sinusitis

A

Common cold 1 week prior. sneezing, rhinorrhea, congestion w postnasal drip, HA, sore throat, cough, fever, muscle aches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Fungal sinusitis common pathogen

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Treatment of fungal sinusitis

A

Immunocompetent: mechanical removal. Immunocomp: can lead to eye and brain involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Most common cause of rhinosinusitis (general)

A

Viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Rhinosinusitis course

A

Frequently a cold one week prior followed by a couple days feeling improved -> wake up w sx. Most resolve in 5-7 days without treatment.

33
Q

Treatment of rhinosinusitis

A

Most resolve w/o tx 5-7 d. Symptomatic or antibiotics for bacterial.

34
Q

Potential ways to differentiated between viral and bacterial rhinosinusitis

A

Bact: mod sx 7 days out (10-14 for kids) or severe sx (inc facial swelling, tooth pain, fever >39/ 102).

35
Q

Treatment of sinusitis

A

Oral hydration w saline nasal washes, steam, acetaminophen and decongestants, mucolytics. Abx: amoxicillin (augmentin) or azithromycin

36
Q

S pneumo classification include Bile-esculin and optochin statuses.

A

Gram + diplococci, cat -, alpha hemolytic, bile-esculin neg, optochin susceptible

37
Q

H influenzae classification

A

Gram neg coccobacilli (pleomorphic), X&V factors required

38
Q

Most pharyngitis is caused by (general)?

A

Viruses

39
Q

Most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis

A

strep pyogenes

40
Q

Pharyngitis presentation

A

Fever, sore throat, edema, hyperemia of tonsils and pharyngeal walls

41
Q

What findings in pharyngitis suggest a viral cause?

A

Conjunctivitis, cough, hoarseness, inflammation of mucus membrane, diarrhea

42
Q

Pharyngitis patients w Strep pyogenes presentation

A

Fever & SEVERE pain w swallowing, sudden onset. May also have HA, n/v, abd pain, red tonsils w or w/o exudate, enlarged tender cerv lymph nodes

43
Q

Why are strep pyogenes infections treated with antibiotics?

A

Prevent glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever.

44
Q

Strep pyogenes pharyngitis: treatment would start within how many days?

A

9

45
Q

S. pyogenes pharyngitis most common in what population? What time of year?

A

age 5-15, winter and spring

46
Q

Spread of pharyngitis

A

person to person and via fomites

47
Q

Viral pharyngitis: how does infection begin?

A

Virus gains access to mucosal cells lining the nasopharynx, replicates -> damage to host cells

48
Q

Bacterial pharyngitis: how does infection begin? (2 invasion virulence factors) What does it use for attachment? (3)

A

S. pyogenes attaches to mucosal epithel. cells using M protein, lipoteichoic acid, and fibronectin-binding protein. Invasion w protease and hyaluronidase.

49
Q

Treatment of pharyngitis

A

Supportive care. Viral: acetaminophen + warm saline gargles. S pyogenes: penicillin

50
Q

What should be used instead of penicillin for pharyngitis patients allergic to penicillin?

A

erythromycin

51
Q

S. pyogenes classification inc bacitracin status

A

Gram+ cocci, tends to grow in chains. Cat neg, beta hemolytic, bacitracin sensitive.

52
Q

C. diphtheriae classification

A

Gram + bacilli, non-spore forming, non-motile

53
Q

Etiology of scarlet fever

A

Certain strains of S. pyogenes -> superantigens - streptococcal pyogenic exotoxins A (SpeA), SpeB, SpeC, and SpeF. Encoded by lysogenized bacteriophage (not bacteria itself)

54
Q

Presentation of scarlet fever

A

Strawberry tongue, bright red rash.

55
Q

Difference between peroxidase and catalase

A

O2 + H2O2
Peroxidase: -> H2O (no oxygen, catalase neg)
Catalase: -> H2O + O2

56
Q

How does strep deal with H2O2?

A

Peroxidase (no O2 formation = no bubbles in catalase test)

57
Q

Diphtheria infection on a microscopic level

A

Diphtheriae produce potent A-B toxin (B binds -> endocytosis -> A has enzymatic activity

58
Q

Why should you avoid scraping the pseudomembrane (gray adherent plaque) that forms with diphtheria?

A

Introduce toxin to blood stream -> myocarditis, neuritis (temp paralysis of limbs, soft palate, and diaphragm).

59
Q

Presentation of croup

A

fever of 38-39 (100.4- 102.2), restlessness, shortness of breath. Usually begins with cold-like sx, nasal cong, sore throat, cough lasting 2-3 d. Then harsh bark-like cough. Respiratory stridor at night.

60
Q

Severe croup presentation

A

Insp stridor at rest, nasal flaring, suprasternal and intercostal retractions, tachypnea, tachy out of proportion to fever, pallor, hypotonia, lethargy

61
Q

Hypoxemia in croup –>

A

Lethargy or agitation.

62
Q

Ominous sign in croup

A

cyanosis

63
Q

Peak of symptoms and time to resolve

A

Peak: 3-5 d, resolve 4-7.

64
Q

How is croup transmitted?

A

Person to person contact

65
Q

Timing of croup including specifics of pararinfluenza, influenza, and RSV

A

Parainfluenza: any time of year. Influenza and RSV: winter and early spring

66
Q

Treatment of croup

A

Usually self-limited, symptomatic tx

67
Q

Most common cause of pneumonia in young children (2)

A

RSV, parainfluenza virus

68
Q

Enteroviruses are a member of the picornaviridae family. What are some groups that constitute enteroviruses?

A

Echo, Coxsackie A&B, poliovirus

69
Q

After rhinovirus, other common causes of rhinitis

A

Adenovirus, Coxsackie A&B + influenza C are minor causes

70
Q

Rhinoviruses: associated disease

A

common cold

71
Q

Coronaviruses: associated disease

A

Common cold

72
Q

Adenoviruses: associated disease and occurrence

A

Pharyngoconjunctival fever and acute resp disease. Military recruits and boarding schools.

73
Q

Parainfluenza virus: associated disease and occurrence

A

Cold and croup. Common in children.

74
Q

Influenza A&B: associated disease and occurrence

A

Influenza, common during flu season

75
Q

RSV: associated disease and occurrence

A

Bronchiolitis and croup, common in children

76
Q

EBV: associated disease and occurrence

A

Infectious mono, common in adolescents during winter

77
Q

RSV classification

A

Class V: ssRNA- nonseg, enveloped, helical nucleocapsid, paramyxoviridae family, pneumovirus - RSV

78
Q

How does RSV appear histologically? Why?

A

Giant cells: F protein of RSV causes nearby cell membranes to fuse.

CRRAB 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions