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Biology > 3 Reproduction in plants > Flashcards

3 Reproduction in plants Flashcards

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1
Q

If gametes are produced, what kind of reproduction is it?

A

It is sexual reproduction.

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2
Q

If fertilisation takes place, what kind of reproduction is it?

A

It is sexual reproduction.

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3
Q

If there is genetic variation in the offspring, what kind of reproduction is it?

A

It is sexual reproduction.

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4
Q

Which type of reproduction has survival value in a changing environment?

A

Sexual reproduction.

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5
Q

Which type of reproduction has survival value in a stable environment?

A

Asexual reproduction.

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6
Q

What do most types of asexual reproduction in plants involve?

A

Most involve some part of the plant growing, and then breaking away from the parent plant before developing into a new plant.

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7
Q

What is another type of asexual reproduction?

A

To grow plants from cuttings.

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8
Q

What is a cutting?

A

It is a method of producing new plants by taking a piece of a shoot and planting it in compost. An example of asexual reproduction.

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9
Q

How does the experiment with cuttings take place?

A

A piece of a plants stem, with a few leaves attached, is cut from a healthy plant. The cuttings are planted into a damp soil or compost, where it will grow roots and develop into a new plant.

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10
Q

What kind of gametes do plants produce?

A

Specialised, haploid gametes in their flowers.

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11
Q

Where are the male gametes contained within?

A

The pollen grains.

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12
Q

What are pollen grains?

A

It is a structure in plants that contains the male gamete.

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13
Q

Where are the female gametes contained within?

A

The egg cells or ova

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14
Q

What are the ova?

A

The female gamete

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15
Q

What must happen for sexual reproduction to take place?

A

The male gametes must be transferred to the female gametes.

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16
Q

What is the transfer of these two gametes called?

A

Pollination.

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17
Q

What is pollination?

A

It is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.

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18
Q

What follows pollination?

A

Fertilisation takes place and the zygote formed develops into a seed, which, in turn, becomes enclosed in a fruit.

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19
Q

What is a seed?

A

It is the structure that forms from the ovule following fertilisation. Contains the embryo plant and its food store.

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20
Q

What is a fruit?

A

It is a structure containing a seed or several seeds. Which is formed by the ovary following fertilisation.

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21
Q

How are the gametes produced?

A

By meiosis in structures in the flowers.

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22
Q

Where are pollen grains produced?

A

In the anthers of the stamens.

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23
Q

What is the anther?

A

It is the part of the stamen where pollen grains are produced.

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24
Q

What is the stamen?

A

It is the male reproductive organ in plants, consisting of the anther and a stalk called the filament.

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25
Q

Where are the ova produced?

A

In the ovules or ovaries.

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26
Q

What are the ovules?

A

They are the structure within the ovaries in plants. Cells in the ovules divide by meiosis to produce ova.

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27
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

It is the female reproductive structure in the carpel of a flower, which contains ovules.

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28
Q

What happens during pollination?

A

Pollen grains are transferred from the anthers of a flower to a stigma.

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29
Q

What is a stigma?

A

It is the part of the carpel of a flower which receives the pollen during pollination.

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30
Q

What happens if the pollen grains are transferred within the same flower?

A

It is called self-pollination.

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31
Q

What happens if the pollen grain are transferred to a different flower?

A

It is called cross-pollination.

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32
Q

How can these types of pollination take place?

A

By wind or by insect in either case.

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33
Q

What must happen for fertilisation to take place?

A

The nucleus of the pollen grain must fuse with the nucleus of the ovum, which is inside the ovule in the ovary.

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34
Q

What is the first step of fertilisation?

A

To transfer the nucelus to the ovum, the pollen grain forms a pollen tube, which grows down through the tissue of the style and into the ovary.

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35
Q

What is the second step of fertilisation?

A

Here it curves around to enter the opening in an ovule.

36
Q

Whats the third step of fertilisation?

A

The tip of the tube dissolves and allows the pollen grain nucleus to move out of the tube and into the ovule.

37
Q

What is the fourth step of fertilisation?

A

Here it fertilises the ovum nucleus.

38
Q

What is the pollen tube?

A

It is the tube that grows from a pollen grain and down through the style to allow the transfer of the male gamete to the ovule for fertilisation.

39
Q

What is the style?

A

It is a part of the carpel of a flower. Stalk connecting the stigma to the ovary, through which the pollen tube grows.

40
Q

What are the steps for seed and fruit formation?

A

1) The zygote develops into an embryonic plant with small root (radicle) and shoot (plumule).
2) Other contents of the ovule develop into a food store for the young plant when the seed germinates.
3) The ovule wall becomes the seed coat or testa.
4) The ovary wall becomes the fruit coat; this can take many forms depending on the type of fruit.

41
Q

What is a diagram for how a plum fruit forms?

A
42
Q

What is the reason for the position of stamens in insect-pollinated plants?

A

Enclosed within glower so that insect must make contact.

43
Q

What is the reason for the position of stamens in insect-pollinated plants?

A

Enclosed within glower so that insect must make contact.

44
Q

What is the reason for the position of stigma in insect-pollinated plants?

A

Enclosed within glower so that insect must make contact.

45
Q

What is the reason for the position of stigma in wind-pollinated plants?

A

Exposed so that it can catch pollen blowign in the wind.

46
Q

What is the reason for the type of stigma in insect-pollinated plants?

A

Sticky so pollen grains attach from insects.

47
Q

What is the reason for the type of stigma in wind-pollinated plants?

A

Feathery, to catch pollen grains blowing in the wind

48
Q

What is the reason for the type of petals in insect-pollinated plants?

A

Large to attract insects.

49
Q

What is the reason for the type of petals in wind-pollinated plants?

A

Small

50
Q

What is the reason for the colour of petals in insect-pollinated plants?

A

Brightly coloured to attract insects.

51
Q

What is the reason for the colour of petals in wind-pollinated plants?

A

Not brightly coloured, usually green.

52
Q

What is the reason for the nectaries in insect-pollinated plants?

A

Present- they produce nectar, a sweet liquid containing sugars as a ‘reward’ for insects.

53
Q

What is the reason for the nectaries in wind-pollinated plants?

A

Absent.

54
Q

What is the type of pollen grains in insect pollinated plants?

A

Larger, sticky grains or grains with hooks, to stick to insects’ bodies.

55
Q

What is the type of pollen grains in wind pollinated plants?

A

Smaller, smooth, inflated grains to carry in the wind.

56
Q

What is a diagram showcasing the main structures in an insect-pollinated flower?

A
57
Q

What is a diagram showcasing the main structures in a wind-pollinated flower?

A
58
Q

What does a seed contain?

A

A plant embryo consisting of a root (radicle), shoot (plumule) and one or two seed leaves.

59
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

They are seed leaves. May act as a food store in seed.

60
Q

Where is the food store found?

A

Either in the cotyledons or another part of the seed.

61
Q

What happens during germination to the food store?

A

It is used up, providing the nutrients to allow the radicle and plumule to grow.

62
Q

What does the radicle do with the nutrients from the food store?

A

It grows down into the soil, where it will absorb water and mineral ions.

63
Q

What does the plumule do with the nutrients from the food store?

A

It grows upwards towards the light, where it can start the process of photosynthesis

64
Q

When is germination considered to be over?

A

Once the small plant (seedling) is able to photosynthesise, germination is over.

65
Q

What are examples of dicotyledonous / dicots plants?

A
  • Peas.
  • Beans.
66
Q

What does dicotyledonous / dicots mean?

A

It is a plant with two seed leaves. (Two cotyledons).

67
Q

What are examples of monocotyledonous / monocots plants?

A
  • Seeds of grasses.
  • Other narrow leaved plants.
  • Irises.
  • Orchids.
68
Q

What does monocotyledonous / monocots mean?

A

It is a plant with one seed leave. (One cotyledon).

69
Q

What is an image that represents the germination of a broad bean?

A
70
Q

Where is the food store of beans or peas present in?

A

The cotyledons, and it consists mainly of starch and protein.

71
Q

Where is the food store located in monocots such as maize?

A

There is a separate food store for starch.

72
Q

What does germination mean?

A

It is the sequence of events taking place when the embryo in a seed begins to develop into a young plant.

73
Q

What happens when seeds are dispersed from the parent plant?

A

They are usually very dry, containing about 10% of water.

74
Q

Why is this low water content necessary for the seed?

A

It restricts a seed’s metabolism, so that it can remain alive but dormant (inactive) for a long time, sometimes for many years.

75
Q

What happens when a seed germinates in relation to its metabolism?

A

The seeds dormancy comes to an end. The seeds food store is broken down by enzymes and respired aerobically.

76
Q

What are the following conditions needed for germination?

A
  • Warm temperatures, so that enzymes can act efficiently.
  • Water, for chemical reactions to take place in solution.
  • Oxygen, for respiration.
77
Q

What is an image of the test tubes used when investigating the conditions needed for germination?

A
78
Q

What are the conditions that the tubes are held under when investigating the conditions needed for germination?

A

Tube A: Seeds on wet cotton wool, maintained at 20C (room temperature).
Tube B: Seeds on dry cotton wool, maintained at 20C.
Tube C: Seeds in boiled water, with a thin surface layer of oil; maintained at 20C.
Tube D: Seeds on wet cotton wool, placed in a refrigerator at 4C.

79
Q

What are precautionary measures taken for tube C?

A

The water in tube C has been boiled to remove dissolved oxygen. The layer of oil (e.g. cooking oil) keeps out oxygen from the air.

80
Q

What results would we collect?

A

After a few days the seeds in the control tube (A) will start to germinate. There will be no germination in tubes B or C. The seeds in tube D may eventually start to germinate, but much more slowly than in tube A.

81
Q

What is the structure of the seed?

A
82
Q

What does the testa do?

A

Tough outer seed coat that protects embryonic plant

83
Q

What does the micropyle do?

A

Small pore in outer covering of seed that allows passage of Water via osmosis.

84
Q

What is the plumule (epicotyle)?

A

It is the embryonic shoot.

85
Q

What is the radicle?

A

It is the embryonic root.

86
Q

Where does starch get turned into glucose?

A

In the cotyledon.

87
Q
A

Biology (22 decks)

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