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Biology > 1 life processes, page 3-12 and 19-20 > Flashcards

1 life processes, page 3-12 and 19-20 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are living organisms composed of?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What do the simplest organisms have?

A

Single cells.

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3
Q

What are many-celled organisms called?

A

Multi-cellular

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4
Q

What are the eight processes which take place in organisms?

A

Move.
Respire.
Sense.
Control their internal conditions.
Grow.
Reproduce.
Excretion.
Nutrition.

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5
Q

What does ‘move’ refer to?

A

By the action of muscles and animals, and slow growth movements in plants.

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6
Q

What does ‘respire’ refer to?

A

Release energy from their food.

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7
Q

What does ‘sense’ refer to?

A

Are sensitive to changes in their surroundings.

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8
Q

What does ‘control’ refer to?

A

Maintain a steady state inside the body.

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9
Q

What does ‘grow’ refer to?

A

Increase in size and complexity, using materials from their food.

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10
Q

What does ‘reproduce’ refer to?

A

Produce offspring.

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11
Q

What does ‘excretion’ refer to?

A

Get rid of waste products.

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12
Q

What does ‘nutrition’ refer to?

A

Plan to make their own food, animals eat other organisms.

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13
Q

How does the level of organisation in organisms go?

A

1) Organelles.
2) Cells.
3) Tissues.
4) Organs.
5) Organ systems.

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14
Q

What things are in the structure of an animal cell?

A
  • Nucleus.
  • Mitochondria.
  • Cell membrane.
  • Cytoplasm.
  • Ribosomes.
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15
Q

What is the structure of a plant cell?

A
  • Nucleus.
  • Ribosomes.
  • Mitochondria.
  • Cytoplasm.
  • Cell membrane.
  • Cell wall.
  • Permanent vacuole.
  • Chloroplasts.
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16
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Controls the activity of the cell.

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17
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

Where oxygen is mostly used and most of the energy is released during aerobic respiration.

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18
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell.

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19
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

It is where most reactions take place.

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20
Q

What are the ribosomes?

A

All the proteins needed for the cell are synthesised (made) here.

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21
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Keeps the shape.

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22
Q

What are the chloroplasts?

A

Contains chlorophyll that helps the plant make its own food.

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23
Q

What is the permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap.

24
Q

What functions do both plant and animal cells have?

A
  • Nucleus.
  • Ribosomes.
  • Mitochondria.
  • Cell membrane.
  • Cytoplasm.
25
Q

What functions do just plant cells have?

A
  • Permanent vacuole.
  • Chloroplasts.
  • Cell wall.
26
Q

What is the cell wall made from?

A

Cellulose.

27
Q

What are the main systems of the human body?

A
  • Digestive system.
  • Gas exchange system.
    (Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide).
  • Circulatory system.
    (Transport materials around your body).
  • Excretory system.
    (Filter toxic waste material from the blood).
  • Nervous system.
    (Coordinates the bodies actions, spinal cord)
  • Endocrine system.
    (Glands secreting hormones, as chemical messengers).
  • Reproductive system.
    (Producing sperm in males and eggs in females).
28
Q

What are enzymes?

A

They are biological catalysts.

29
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A chemical which can speed up a reaction without being used up itself.

30
Q

What do enzymes control?

A

Metabolism, the sum of all reactions in a cell or body.

31
Q

What are enzymes made up of?

A

Proteins, which are. along chain of amino acids, folded into a 3d shape.

32
Q

Why are enzymes necessary?

A
  • They are necessary because the temperature that is inside organisms are low and without catalysts, most of the reactions that happen in cells would be far too slow to allow life to go on.
  • The reactions can only take place quick enough when enzymes are present to speed them up.
33
Q

What is the lock-and-key model?

A

The model of enzyme action where the substrate is the ‘key’, fitting into the ‘lock’, which is the active site of the enzyme.

34
Q

What is the lock-and-key theory formula?

A

Enzyme + Substrate —> Enzyme-substrate = Products
complex

35
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

A small area on its surface which the substrate can bind to.

36
Q

What is the substrate of an enzyme?

A

It binds to the active site of an enzyme, where it is then broken down into products through a chemical reaction.

37
Q

What affects the activity of enzymes?

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
38
Q

What is a human enzymes optimum temperature?

A

37*C

39
Q

What is the graph that shows the enzymes activity?

A

The rate of reaction against temperature.

40
Q

What does the peak on this curve symbolise?

A

The optimum temperature for the enzyme.

41
Q

What happens when an enzyme is heated to its optimum temperature?

A
  • The rising temperature increases the rate of reaction. - - This is because higher temperatures give the molecules of the enzyme and the substrate more kinetic energy, so they Collide more often.
  • More collisions mean that the reaction will take place more frequently.
  • Successful collisions between the substrate and the active site will result in products being formed.
42
Q

What happens when an enzyme is heated above its optimum temperature?
( From 40*C upwards )

A
  • Since an enzyme is made of protein, the protein begins to be broken down by the heat.
  • This means that the enzyme becomes denatured.
43
Q

What does denatured mean?

A

It changed the shape of the active site so that the substrate will no longer fit into it. Once this denaturing has taken place, it is permanent; the enzyme molecules will no longer catalyse the reaction.

44
Q

What is the optimum temperature of an enzyme based on?

A

The average temperature in the organism.

45
Q

What happens if an enzyme is at its optimum pH??

A

The pH where the enzymes have the highest rate of successful collisions.

46
Q

What happens if the enzyme is below the optimum pH or above the optimum pH?

A

In both of these scenarios, the enzyme denatures, meaning that its active site unravels and changes shape - so it can’t catalyse reactions anymore meaning that it can’t bind to the substrate.

47
Q

What are the three different types of reactions that enzymes catalyse?

A
  • Catabolic.
  • Anabolic.
  • Chemical.
48
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Its like respiration. It breaks thing down.
Large molecules.
=
Energy and smaller molecules.

49
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

Like photosynthesis. It builds things up.
Energy and smaller molecules.
=
Large molecules.

50
Q

What are chemical reactions?

A

Changing one molecule into another.

51
Q

How do you investigate into the effect of temperature on the activity on amylase?

A

It involves starch into maltose. The speed at which the starch disappears is recorded - this is a measure of the activity of amylase.

52
Q

What is the method in the investigation of the effect of temperature on the activity of amylase?

A
  • Spots of iodine solution are placed into the dips on the spotting tile.
  • 5 cm of starch suspension is placed in one boiling tube.
  • 5 cm of amylase solution is placed in another boiling tube.
  • The beaker’s filled with water at 20° C.
  • Both boiling tubes are placed into this water for 5 minutes.
53
Q

How often do you take a sample of the water for?

A

Every 30 seconds for 10 minutes.

54
Q

When do you stop the experiment?

A

When the iodine turns yellow. This means that all of the starch has been used up.

55
Q

How do we ensure that this experiment is reliable?

A

It is then repeated with the water bath and it will be experimented one from 20C to 60C.

56
Q

How do you find the rate that the starch was broken down?

A

Volume starch /
Time

Biology (22 decks)

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