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Biology > 2 Food and digestion, page 52-60, 62-68 > Flashcards

2 Food and digestion, page 52-60, 62-68 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need food?

A
  • To supply us with a ‘fuel’ for energy.
  • To provide materials for growth and repair of tissues.
  • To help fight disease and keep our bodies healthy.
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2
Q

What are the five food groups we need to stay healthy, for a balanced diet?

A
  • Carbohydrates.
  • Lipids.
  • Proteins.
  • Minerals.
  • Vitamins.
  • Dietary fibre.
  • Water
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3
Q

What elements to carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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4
Q

How are carbohydrates digested?

A

Starch is broken down into amylase into maltose.
The maltose is broken down my maltase.
Glucose is formed.

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5
Q

What elements to proteins contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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6
Q

How are proteins digested?

A

Proteins are broken down by pepsin to peptides.
The peptides are broken down into peptidase.
Amino acids are formed.

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7
Q

What elements do lipids contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur.

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8
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

1 glycerol and three fatty acids are broken down by lipase.
They unstick from each other and become 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol.

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9
Q

What is starch?

A

It is a large insoluble molecule. It is found as a storage carbohydrate in many plants.

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10
Q

What is a disadvantage of eating to many lipids?

A

Saturated fat is extremely unhealthy as well as a lipid compound called cholesterol.
These have both been linked with heart disease.

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11
Q

What does vitamin A do in our body?

A

Makes a chemical in the retina, protects the surface of the eye.

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12
Q

What does a lack of vitamin A cause?

A

Night blindness, damaged cornea of the eye.

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13
Q

What foods are rich in vitamin A?

A

Fish liver oils, liver, butter, margarine, carrots.

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14
Q

What does vitamin B1 do in our body?

A

Help with cell respiration.

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15
Q

What does a lack of vitamin B1 cause?

A

Beri-beri.
(Weakening of the muscles).

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16
Q

Which foods are rich in vitamin B1?

A

Yeast extract, cereals

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17
Q

What does vitamin B2 do in our body?

A

Help with cell respiration.

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18
Q

What does a lack of vitamin B2 cause?

A

Poor growth, dry skin

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19
Q

Which foods are rich in vitamin B2?

A

Green vegetables, eggs, fish

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20
Q

What does vitamin B3 do in our body?

A

Help with cell respiration.

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21
Q

What does a lack of vitamin B3 cause?

A

Pellagra.
(Dry red skin, poor growth, digestive disorders)

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22
Q

Which foods are rich in vitamin B3?

A

Liver, meat fish

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23
Q

What does Vitamin C do in our body?

A

Sticks together cells lining surfaces such as the mouth.

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24
Q

What does a lack of vitamin C cause?

A

Scurvy.

25
Q

What foods are rich in vitamin C?

A

Fresh fruit and vegetables.

26
Q

What does vitamin D do in our body?

A

Helps bones absorb calcium and phosphate.

27
Q

What does a lack of vitamin D cayse?

A

Rickets, poor teeth

28
Q

What foods are rich in vitamin D?

A

Fish liver oils.

29
Q

What does calcium do in our body?

A

Making teeth and bones.

30
Q

What is an example of a food that is rich in calcium?

A

Dairy products, fish, bread, vegetables.

31
Q

What does phosphorus do in our body?

A

Making teeth and bones, apart of many chemicals.

32
Q

What is an example of a food that is rich in phosphorus?

A

Most foods.

33
Q

What does sodium do in our body?

A

In bodily fluids like blood.

34
Q

What is an example of a food that is rich in sodium?

A

Common salt, most foods.

35
Q

What does chlorine do in our body?

A

In bodily fluids like blood.

36
Q

What is an example of a food rich in chlorine?

A

Common salt, most foods.

37
Q

What does magnesium do in our body?

A

Making bones, found inside cells.

38
Q

What is an example of a food rich in magnesium?

A

Green vegetables.

39
Q

What does iron do in our body?

A

Part of haemoglobin in red blood cells, helps to carry oxygen.

40
Q

What is an example of a food rich in iron?

A

Red meat, liver, eggs

41
Q

What is the food test for starch?

A
  • Food onto spotting tile.
  • 2 - 3 drops of iodine onto the spotting tile.
  • Blue-black if starch is present.
42
Q

What is the food test for sugar?

A
  • Crush a small amount of food into a test tube.
  • Cover the food with enough of Benedict’s solution to cover the food.
  • Place it in a warm water bath for 10 minutes.
  • Turns brick red when positive with sugar.
43
Q

What is the food test for lipids (fats)?

A
  • Crush a small amount of food and put it into a glass rod.
  • Add enough ethanol to cover the food.
  • Add a bung and shake the test tube well.
  • Pour the solution into a test-tube half filled with water.
  • A cloudy emulsion will be formed when lipid is present.
44
Q

What is the food test for protein?

A
  • Place food into a test tube.
  • Add biuret reagent.
  • Turns purple when protein is present.
45
Q

What does the amount of energy you need depend on?

A
  • Age.
  • Body size.
  • The amount of physical activity they do.
  • The greater a persons weight - the more energy they need.
46
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

A
  • Break down large insoluble food molecules into small soluble food molecules in order to absorbed by the blood.
  • Mechanical digestion: Chewing in mouth, churning in stomach.
  • Chemical digestion: Using enzymes.
47
Q

How does food move through peristalsis?

A
  • The circular muscles contract and the longitudinal muscles relax.
  • The opposite of each then keeps happening - resulting in the food being pushed along the gut in waves.
48
Q

How does digestion occur in the mouth?

A

Mechanical digestion takes place here and so does chemical as the saliva gets mixed with the food and starts to break it down. The chewed food then passes along the oesophagus and into the stomach.

49
Q

How does digestion occur in the stomach?

A

The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, so the stomach contents are highly acidic. This kills bacteria that are taken into the gut along with the food.

50
Q

What kind of enzyme is found in the stomach?

A

Pepsin - its pH is 2.

51
Q

What then ensures that the food can pass into the duodenum?

A

The sphincter muscle slowly relaxes and releases food into the duodenum.

52
Q

How does digestion occur in the duodenum?

A

Several digestive enzymes are added here. These are made by the pancreas, and digest starch, proteins and lipids.

53
Q

How does digestion receive help from the liver?

A

It secretes a digestive juice called bile. It is stored in the gall bladder and passed down the bile duct. It turns any large lipid globules in the food into an emulsion of tiny droplets. Increasing the surface area so helping lipase break it down easier.

54
Q

How does bile neutralise stomach acid?

A

Bile and pancreatic juice are both alkaline. The acidic mixture created in the stomach needs to be neutralised before its journey throughout the gut is continued.

55
Q

How does digestion happen in the ileum?

A

It absorbs the digested food.

56
Q

What absorbs the food in the ileum?

A

The villi.

57
Q

What are some adaptations of the vili?

A
  • Many villi to increase the surface area = microvilli.
  • Walls are one cell thick, small products can pass through the walls easier to diffuse and enter the blood.
  • Lacteals absorb fatty acid and glycerol.
  • Lots of mitochondria in epithelium of the small intestine which helps to supply the energy needed for active transport.
58
Q

How does digestion happen in the large intestine?

A

Colon - absorb any remaining water leaving a semi-solid waste called faeces.
Rectum - stores this faeces.
Anus - expels the stored faeces.

59
Q
A

Biology (22 decks)

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