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Immunosero Lab (Prelim) > 3. Precipitation and Agglutination Reactions > Flashcards

3. Precipitation and Agglutination Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

How do antigens and antibodies interact?

A

Lock and key fit

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2
Q

The INITIAL FORCE of attraction the exist between a single FAB site on an antibody molecule and single epitope

A

Affinity

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3
Q

The SUM of all attractive forces between Ab and An

A

Avidity

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4
Q

Attach to antigen where it fits to the FAB for to shows the affinity between An and Ab

A

Epitope

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5
Q

What is the optimal pH for An-antigen reaction?

A

6.5 - 7.5

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6
Q

Ionic strength is base on?

A

Shielding
Zeta potential

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7
Q

What is the best temp reaction for IgM?

A

Room temp or colder

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8
Q

What is the best temp reaction for IgG?

A

36-38 C

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9
Q

An-Ab reaction are influenced by?

A

Ionic strength
pH
Reaction time
Temp
Dosage

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10
Q

Zone of antibody excess? causes false neg

A

Pro-zone

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11
Q

What do you call the where the antigen and antibody have the same amount?

A

Zone of equivalence

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12
Q

Zone of antigen excess? causes false neg

A

Post zone

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13
Q

Precipitation based method?

A

Nephelometry
Passive immunodiffusion techniques
Electrophoretic techniques

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14
Q

Involves combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible

A

Precipitation

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15
Q

Antibody reagent is combined with patient sample, this detects through Light refraction (Light scatter) from light source which detected by the light detector

A

Nephelometry

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16
Q

Uses agarose gel to detect An-Ab reaction which measures the rate of An-Ab reaction by the area being created around the agarose gel

A

Radial immunodiffusion

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17
Q

How many hours before reading radial immunodiffusion

A

24-72 hrs

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18
Q

What is being read in radial immunodiffusion?

A

Rate of diffusion

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19
Q

The rate of diffusion is affected by?

A

Size of the particle
Temp
Gel viscosity
Amount of hydration

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20
Q

What is the positive indicator for radial immunodiffusion (Being measured)

A

Area of the ring

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21
Q

NOTE: The diameter of the diffusion of the An-Ab reaction is proportional to the area/diameter of the ring

A
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22
Q

Where is the positive control located in Radial immunodiffusion?

A

middle

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23
Q

Performed in agarose gel in which both and antibody diffuses independently in two dimensions (Horizontally and vertically)

A

Ouchterlony Double immunodiffusion

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24
Q

What is the incubation period of Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion in a moist chamber?

A

12 to 48 hrs

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25
Q

What is the known sample in Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion?

A

Known Antibody

26
Q

What is the sample used in Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion??

A

Patient Antigen

27
Q

Presence of common epitope, curve shape

A

Pattern of identity

28
Q

Curve pattern with spur, some antibodies are not capture

A

Pattern of Partial identity

29
Q

Crossline pattern shows no commonalities

A

pattern of Non identity

30
Q

An adaption of radial immunodiffusion but instead of allowing diffusion to take place at its own rate, electrophoresis is used to facilitate migration of antigen into the agar

A

Electrophoretic techniques: Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis

31
Q

Double-diffusion technique that incorporates electrophoresis current to enhance results

Used for semi-quantification of a wide range of antigens

A

Immunoelectrophoresis

32
Q

After electrophoresis takes place, anti-serum is applied to the gel’s surface rather than placed in a trough

Shorter time and higher resolution

A

Immunofixation electrophoresis

33
Q

Used to test immunoglobulins, complement, C-reactive protein, other serum

A

Nephelometry

34
Q

Used for immunoglobulins, and complement only

A

Radial immunodiffusion

35
Q

Used for complex antigens such as fungal antigens

A

Ouchterlony double diffusion

36
Q

Used for immunoglobulins, complement, and alpha-fetoproteins

A

Pocket electrophoresis

37
Q

Used for Differentiation of serum protein

A

Immunoelectrophoresis

38
Q

Used to test HIV, Lyme disease, and syphilis

A

Immunofixation electrophoresis

39
Q

The interaction between antibody and a particulate antigen which results to clumping

A

Agglutination

40
Q

The antibodies that produces such reaction are called?

A

Agglutinins

41
Q

The particulate antigens aggregated are called

A

agglutinogens

42
Q

Steps in agglutination

A
  1. Sensitization
  2. Lattice Formation
43
Q

Antigen and Ab unite through antigen determinant site, this process is called?

A

Sensitization

44
Q

Formation that rearrange of antigen and antibody bonds to cause agglutination

A

Lattice formation

45
Q

Occurs when antigens are gound naturally on a particle

Can be used to detect antigen (Used known antibody as a reagent)

A

Direct agglutination

46
Q

Grade for One solid clump?

A

4+

47
Q

Grade for several large clump?

A

3+

48
Q

Grade for numerous smaller clumps?

A

2+

49
Q

Grade for BArely discernable clumps

A

1+

50
Q

Grade for smooth suspension?

A

Negative

51
Q

Antigens on a carrier molecule such as latex combine with the patient’s sample for antibody detection

A

Passive agglutination

52
Q

Antibody is bound to the carrier molecule, which is then mixed with patient’s sample to detect antigen

Uses for passive agglutination include ID of bacteria measuring hormone and drug levels, and measuring levels of some proteins

A

Reverse passive agglutination

53
Q

Antibody reagent is combined with patient’s specimen

If patient’s specimen contains that antigen, the antigens will react with antibodies

A

Agglutination inhibition

54
Q

What is the positive reaction for agglutination inhibition?

A

No agglutination

55
Q

What is the Negative reaction for agglutination inhibition?

A

Agglutination

56
Q

What is the positive reaction to agglutination inhibition?

A

No agglutination

57
Q

This use to detect virl antibodies and detects hormone

A
58
Q

Test that uses bacteria as the inert particles to which the antibody is attached

A

Coagglutination

59
Q

Bacteria that is the most frequently used in coagglutination

A

Staphylococcus aureus

60
Q

Why S. aureus is used in coagglutination

A

Protein A

Immunosero Lab (Prelim) (5 decks)

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