3: Plant Systematics Flashcards
Theophrastus 371-287 BC
Father of botany
collected and named 500 species from mediterranean
Carl Linnaeus
created binomial system of classification
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species
What does ORDER end in
-ales
What does FAMILY end in
-aceae
Basic flower structure
flower is a specialised reproductive shoot
contains 4 different whorls of organs
4 whorl organs
Outer two whorls
1) calyx
2) corolla
3) stamens
4) carpels
What is the calyx made up of
sepals
What is the corolla made up of
petals
what are stamens
male reproductive organ
what are carpels
female reproductive organ
what are the accessory flower parts
perianth
what is the perianth made up of
calyx and corolla
Female structures
Carpel
1) ovary
2) style
3) stigma (sticky to catch pollen)
Male structures
Stamen
Anther
Filament
Floral evolution
primitive to advance
Reduction
Fusion
Specialisation
Example of reduction
number of flower parts (male/female parts)
Example of fusion
Flower part fused together in arum lily (brat)
sepal and petals fused
female fused to male parts
Example of specialisation
specialised shapes that enables the plant to be fertilized by one particular organism
inferior ovary, advanced or primitive?
advanced
Floral evolution
Calyx and corolla
1) loss of one whorl
2) two whorls may look similar
3) fusion of whorls to each other or the ovary
Floral evolution
Stamen
- leaf modified to form stalk and anther
- anther loss
- fusion of filament to themselves or the corolla
Loss of anther
staminode
Fusion of filaments to themselves
connate
Fusion of filaments to corolla
adnate
Floral Evolution
Carpel
- leaf modified to form the ovary
- numerous free carpels
- numerous partly fused carpels
- numerous fused carpels
- superior ovary
- partly inferior ovary
- inferior ovary
Apocarpous
Free carpels
Syncarpous
fully fused carpels
Superior ovary
above receptacle
Inferior ovary
below receptacle
Actinomorphic
uniform, radial symmetry
Zygomorphic
bilateral symmetry (unable to be cut in more than one direction)
Inflorescence
solitary
Inflorescence
Solitary
coming from individual nodes on the stem and at each node a leaf is being formed and a stalk for the flowers
Inflorescence
Single
single flower on a single stem
Inflorescence
Raceme
stem with oldest growth at the base and newest at the top
Inflorescence
Panicle
multiple clusters on several branches
Inflorescence
Spike
individual flowers dont have their own stem they grow directly from the main stem
Inflorescence
Spadix
spike are really tightly packed a thick spike is protected by a colourful brat
Inflorescence
Umbel
stems from flower heads (equal length) come from one simple point which makes the head even like an umbrella
Inflorescence
Corymb
flower cluster with flower stalks that are a little longer so the flower forms a flat or convex head
Inflorescence
Capitulum
looks like one big flower but it is actually many tiny flowers all packed on the same flower head
Inflorescence
Cymose
each main stem will have a flower on it
Monocots
when it germenates it only has one seedling
- only in multiples of three
- leaf veins parallel
- sheath base
- scattered vascular bundles
- fibrous root system
Dicots
two cotyledons main veins usually branched vascular bundles arranged in ring flower parts usually arranged in multiple of four or five taproot usually present
