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IX.1. Strategies > 3. Plant Breeding > Flashcards

3. Plant Breeding Flashcards

1
Q

Topic - Green Revolution (wheat & rice)

A
  • Mid __
  • Development of _
  • Dependent on _
  • Father _ & its contribution
  • Father in India _ & its contribution
  • During 1960-2000, increment in wheat & rice
  • In _ years, wheat varieties
  • Semi-dwarf rice derived from _
  • Later Semi-dwarf rice variety in india
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2
Q

In our country, food production has increased through the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice by the ______ Revolution.

A

Green Revolution (Mid-1960s)

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3
Q

Green Revolution is the development and flourishing of agriculture, dependent on ______.

A

Plant breeding techniques

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4
Q

Father of Green Revolution:

A

Norman E. Borlaug (Nobel laureate)

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5
Q

Norman E. Borlaug at ________ developed semi-dwarf wheat.

A

International Centre for Wheat & Maize Improvement, Mexico

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6
Q

Father of Green Revolution in India:

A

M.S. Swaminathan

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7
Q

M.S. Swaminathan introduced ______ wheat variety in India and developed short-duration high-yielding rice varieties, including scented Basmati.

A

Mexican wheat variety

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8
Q

During 1960-2000, an increment of
I. Wheat production
II. Rice production

A

I. From 11 million tons to 75 million tons
II. From 35 million tons to 89.5 million tons

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9
Q

In ___ years, high-yielding and disease-resistant wheat varieties like ______ were introduced in India.

A

1963;
Sonalika & Kalyan Sona

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10
Q

Semi-dwarf rice varieties were derived from ____ and ____.

A
  1. IR-8 (developed at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines)
  2. Taichung Native -1 (from Taiwan)
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11
Q

Later, better-yielding semi-dwarf varieties of rice like ____ were developed in India.

A

Jaya and Ratna

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12
Q

Topic - Sugarcane

A
  • North India Variety & Quality
  • South India Variety & Quality
  • Crosses have ability to grow in
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13
Q

______ is grown well in north India but has poor sugar content & yield.

A

Saccharum barberi

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14
Q

______ is tropical canes in south India with ____ (thin/thick) stems and ____ (low/higher) sugar content but do not grow well in north India.

A

Saccharum officinarum;
Thicker stem;
High-sugar content

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15
Q

____ was crossed with ____ and got a hybrid sugarcane variety having desirable qualities like high yield, thick stems, high sugar, and the ability to grow in ____ (south/north) India.

A

Saccharum barberi;
Saccharum officinarum;
North India

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16
Q

Topic - Millets

A
  • High-yielding variety
  • Resistance to _ stress
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17
Q

High-yielding varieties of Millets like ____ developed in India that are resistant to ____-stress.

A

Hybrid Maize, Jowar & Bajra;
Water-stress

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18
Q

Topic - Plant Breeding for Disease resistance

A
  • Reduce the use of _
  • Genetic ability to prevent _
  • Fungal Rusts
  • Bacterial disease
  • Viral disease
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19
Q

It enhances food production and helps to reduce the use of fungicides and bacteriocides.
T/F

A

True

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20
Q

Resistance of the host plant is the genetic ability to prevent the ____ from disease.

A

pathogens

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21
Q

Some plant diseases:
I. Fungal Rusts -
II. Bacterial -
III. Viral -

A

I. Brown rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane, and late blight of potato
II. Black rot of crucifers
III. Tobacco mosaic, turnip mosaic, etc.

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22
Q

Topic - Method of Breeding for Disease-resistance

A
  • Types
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23
Q

2 Method of Breeding for Disease-resistance:

A
  1. Conventional Method
  2. Mutation Breeding
24
Q

Topic - Conventional Method

A
  • Steps of Conventional method
  • Wheat -
  • Brassica -
  • Cauliflower -
  • Cowpea -
  • Chilli -
  • Constrained by
25
Q

Steps of Conventional method-

A
  1. Screening germplasm for resistance sources.
  2. Hybridisation of selected parents.
  3. Selection and evaluation of the hybrids.
  4. Testing and release of new varieties.
26
Q

Some crop varieties bred by Conventional method:

Crop || Variety || Resistance to
I. Wheat -
II. Brassica -
III. Cauliflower -
IV. Cowpea -
V. Chilli -

A

I. Wheat || Himgiri || Leaf & stripe rust, hill bunt

II. Brassica || Pusa swarnim (Karanrai) || White rust

III. Cauliflower || Pusa Shubhra, Pusa Snowball K-1 || Black rot and Curl blight black rot

IV. Cowpea || Pusa Komal || Bacterial blight

V. Chilli || Pusa Sadabahar || Chilly mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, and leaf curl.

27
Q

Conventional breeding is constrained by the availability of a limited number of disease resistance genes.
T/F

A

True

28
Q

Topic - Mutational Breeding

A
  • Mutation
  • Mutational breeding
  • Induced by _
  • Examples
29
Q

_____ can create new desirable characters not found in the parental type.

A

Mutation (sudden genetic change)

30
Q

Plants with these desirable characters can be multiplied directly or used in breeding.
T/F

A

True

31
Q

______ is the breeding by inducing mutation using _____ and selecting and using the plants that have desirable character as a source in breeding.

A

Mutation breeding;
Chemicals or Radiations (like gamma rays)

32
Q

Example of Mutational Breeding.

In ______, resistance to ______ and ______ were induced by mutations.

A

In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were induced by mutations

33
Q

Topic - Wild crossing

A
  • Bhindi Scientific name
  • New variety of Bhindi
  • Resistant to _
34
Q

Resistant genes from wild species are introduced into the high-yielding cultivated varieties.
Example.

A

Bhindi (Parbhani Kranti)

35
Q

A new variety - Bhindi (Parbhani Kranti) is resistant to ______ and developed by crossing ______ with its wild species.

A

Yellow mosaic virus;
Bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus)

36
Q

Transfer of resistance genes is achieved by sexual hybridization between the target and the source plant.
T/F

A

True

37
Q

Topic - Plant Breeding for developing Resistance to Insects pests

A
  • Example for Hairy leaves
  • Solid stem in Wheat
  • Cotton variety does not attract
  • Maize stem borers
  • Brassica (Rapeseed mustard) -
  • Flat bean -
  • Okra (Bhindi) -
38
Q

Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to morphological, biochemical, or physiological characteristics.
T/F

A

True

39
Q

Example for Introduction of Hairy leaves:

Resistance to ____ in cotton and ____ in wheat.

A

Jassids in cotton
Cereal leaf beetle in wheat

40
Q

Introduction of Solid stems in wheat lead to non-preference by _____.

A

Stem sawfly

41
Q

Smooth-leaved and nectar-less ______ (wheat/cotton) varieties do not attract _____.

A

Cotton variety; Bollworms

42
Q

______ acid with ____ (low/high) nitrogen and sugar content in maize leads to resistance to ______

A

High Aspartic acid;
Low Nitrogen and sugar content;
Maize stem borers

43
Q

Sources of resistance genes for breeding are cultivated varieties, germplasm collections of crops, or wild relatives.
T/F

A

True

44
Q

Crop || Variety || Insect pests

I. Brassica (Rapeseed mustard) -
II. Flat bean -
III. Okra (Bhindi) -

A

I. Brassica (Rapeseed mustard) || Pusa Gaurav || Aphids
II. Flat bean || Pusa Sem 2, Pusa Sem 3 || Jassids, aphids and fruit borer
III. Okra (Bhindi) || Pisa Sawani, Pusa A-4 || Shoot and Fruit borer

45
Q

Topic - Plant Breed for Improved Food Quality

A
  • % of people do not have food
  • % of People undernutrition
  • Solution of Hidden Hunger
  • Objectives for improved nutritional quality
  • Vitamin A enriched -
  • Vitamin C enriched -
  • Iron & calcium enriched -
  • Protein-enriched -
46
Q

____ no. of people in the world do not have adequate food.

A

More than 840 million

47
Q

____ no. of people suffer from micronutrients, protein, and vitamin deficiencies called ______.

A

3 billion;
Hidden Hunger

48
Q

Hidden Hunger is a form of undernutrition, and its solution is ______.

A

Biofortification

49
Q

Biofortification is breeding crops with higher levels of nutrients which helps to improve public health.
T/F

A

True

50
Q

Objectives of breeding for improved nutritional quality:

A

I. To improve protein content and quality.
II. To improve oil content and quality.
III. To improve vitamin content.
IV. To improve micronutrient & mineral content.

51
Q

Topic - Examples of Biofortification

A
  • Maize hybrids like _ have _
  • Wheat varieties like _ have _
  • Iron-fortified variety
  • Biofortification developed at _ place
52
Q

Maize hybrids like _____ have twice the amount of _____ compared to existing maize hybrids.

A

Protina & Shakti;
Amino acids, lysine & tryptophan

53
Q

Wheat varieties like ______ have high protein content.

A

Atlas 66

54
Q

Iron-fortified ____ (wheat/rice) varieties contain ____ times more ____ as in common varieties.

A

Iron-fortified rice variety;
Five times more Iron

55
Q

Vegetable crops (Rich in vitamins & minerals) are released by ______.

A

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

56
Q

Example of crops released by IARI:
I. Vitamin A enriched -
II. Vitamin C enriched -
III. Iron & calcium enriched -
IV. Protein enriched -

A

I. Carrots, spinach, pumpkin
II. Bitter gourd, bathua, mustard, tomato
III. Spinach & bathua
IV. beans (broad, lablab, french & garden peas).

IX.1. Strategies (3 decks)

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