3. Plant Breeding

Question 1

Topic - Green Revolution (wheat & rice)

Answer 1

• Mid __
• Development of _
• Dependent on _
• Father _ & its contribution
• Father in India _ & its contribution
• During 1960-2000, increment in wheat & rice
• In _ years, wheat varieties
• Semi-dwarf rice derived from _
• Later Semi-dwarf rice variety in india

Question 2

In our country, food production has increased through the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice by the ______ Revolution.

Answer 2

Green Revolution (Mid-1960s)

Question 3

Green Revolution is the development and flourishing of agriculture, dependent on ______.

Answer 3

Plant breeding techniques

Question 4

Father of Green Revolution:

Answer 4

Norman E. Borlaug (Nobel laureate)

Question 5

Norman E. Borlaug at ________ developed semi-dwarf wheat.

Answer 5

International Centre for Wheat & Maize Improvement, Mexico

Question 6

Father of Green Revolution in India:

Answer 6

M.S. Swaminathan

Question 7

M.S. Swaminathan introduced ______ wheat variety in India and developed short-duration high-yielding rice varieties, including scented Basmati.

Answer 7

Mexican wheat variety

Question 8

During 1960-2000, an increment of
I. Wheat production
II. Rice production

Answer 8

I. From 11 million tons to 75 million tons
II. From 35 million tons to 89.5 million tons

Question 9

In ___ years, high-yielding and disease-resistant wheat varieties like ______ were introduced in India.

Answer 9

1963;
Sonalika & Kalyan Sona

Question 10

Semi-dwarf rice varieties were derived from ____ and ____.

Answer 10

1. IR-8 (developed at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines)
2. Taichung Native -1 (from Taiwan)

Question 11

Later, better-yielding semi-dwarf varieties of rice like ____ were developed in India.

Answer 11

Jaya and Ratna

Question 12

Topic - Sugarcane

Answer 12

• North India Variety & Quality
• South India Variety & Quality
• Crosses have ability to grow in

Question 13

______ is grown well in north India but has poor sugar content & yield.

Answer 13

Saccharum barberi

Question 14

______ is tropical canes in south India with ____ (thin/thick) stems and ____ (low/higher) sugar content but do not grow well in north India.

Answer 14

Saccharum officinarum;
Thicker stem;
High-sugar content

Question 15

____ was crossed with ____ and got a hybrid sugarcane variety having desirable qualities like high yield, thick stems, high sugar, and the ability to grow in ____ (south/north) India.

Answer 15

Saccharum barberi;
Saccharum officinarum;
North India

Question 16

Topic - Millets

Answer 16

• High-yielding variety
• Resistance to _ stress

Question 17

High-yielding varieties of Millets like ____ developed in India that are resistant to ____-stress.

Answer 17

Hybrid Maize, Jowar & Bajra;
Water-stress

Question 18

Topic - Plant Breeding for Disease resistance

Answer 18

• Reduce the use of _
• Genetic ability to prevent _
• Fungal Rusts
• Bacterial disease
• Viral disease

Question 19

It enhances food production and helps to reduce the use of fungicides and bacteriocides.
T/F

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Resistance of the host plant is the genetic ability to prevent the ____ from disease.

Answer 20

pathogens

Question 21

Some plant diseases:
I. Fungal Rusts -
II. Bacterial -
III. Viral -

Answer 21

I. Brown rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane, and late blight of potato
II. Black rot of crucifers
III. Tobacco mosaic, turnip mosaic, etc.

Question 22

Topic - Method of Breeding for Disease-resistance

Answer 22

• Types

Question 23

2 Method of Breeding for Disease-resistance:

Answer 23

1. Conventional Method
2. Mutation Breeding

Question 24

Topic - Conventional Method

Answer 24

• Steps of Conventional method
• Wheat -
• Brassica -
• Cauliflower -
• Cowpea -
• Chilli -
• Constrained by

Question 25

Steps of Conventional method-

Answer 25

1. Screening germplasm for resistance sources. 2. Hybridisation of selected parents. 3. Selection and evaluation of the hybrids. 4. Testing and release of new varieties.

Question 26

Some crop varieties bred by Conventional method: Crop || Variety || Resistance to I. Wheat - II. Brassica - III. Cauliflower - IV. Cowpea - V. Chilli -

Answer 26

I. Wheat || Himgiri || Leaf & stripe rust, hill bunt II. Brassica || Pusa swarnim (Karanrai) || White rust III. Cauliflower || Pusa Shubhra, Pusa Snowball K-1 || Black rot and Curl blight black rot IV. Cowpea || Pusa Komal || Bacterial blight V. Chilli || Pusa Sadabahar || Chilly mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, and leaf curl.

Question 27

Conventional breeding is constrained by the availability of a limited number of disease resistance genes. T/F

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Topic - Mutational Breeding

Answer 28

- Mutation - Mutational breeding - Induced by _ - Examples

Question 29

_____ can create new desirable characters not found in the parental type.

Answer 29

Mutation (sudden genetic change)

Question 30

Plants with these desirable characters can be multiplied directly or used in breeding. T/F

Answer 30

True

Question 31

______ is the breeding by inducing mutation using _____ and selecting and using the plants that have desirable character as a source in breeding.

Answer 31

Mutation breeding; Chemicals or Radiations (like gamma rays)

Question 32

Example of Mutational Breeding. In ______, resistance to ______ and ______ were induced by mutations.

Answer 32

In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were induced by mutations

Question 33

Topic - Wild crossing

Answer 33

- Bhindi Scientific name - New variety of Bhindi - Resistant to _

Question 34

Resistant genes from wild species are introduced into the high-yielding cultivated varieties. Example.

Answer 34

Bhindi (Parbhani Kranti)

Question 35

A new variety - Bhindi (Parbhani Kranti) is resistant to ______ and developed by crossing ______ with its wild species.

Answer 35

Yellow mosaic virus; Bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus)

Question 36

Transfer of resistance genes is achieved by sexual hybridization between the target and the source plant. T/F

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Topic - Plant Breeding for developing Resistance to Insects pests

Answer 37

- Example for Hairy leaves - Solid stem in Wheat - Cotton variety does not attract - Maize stem borers - Brassica (Rapeseed mustard) - - Flat bean - - Okra (Bhindi) -

Question 38

Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to morphological, biochemical, or physiological characteristics. T/F

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Example for Introduction of Hairy leaves: Resistance to ____ in cotton and ____ in wheat.

Answer 39

Jassids in cotton Cereal leaf beetle in wheat

Question 40

Introduction of Solid stems in wheat lead to non-preference by _____.

Answer 40

Stem sawfly

Question 41

Smooth-leaved and nectar-less ______ (wheat/cotton) varieties do not attract _____.

Answer 41

Cotton variety; Bollworms

Question 42

______ acid with ____ (low/high) nitrogen and sugar content in maize leads to resistance to ______

Answer 42

High Aspartic acid; Low Nitrogen and sugar content; Maize stem borers

Question 43

Sources of resistance genes for breeding are cultivated varieties, germplasm collections of crops, or wild relatives. T/F

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Crop || Variety || Insect pests I. Brassica (Rapeseed mustard) - II. Flat bean - III. Okra (Bhindi) -

Answer 44

I. Brassica (Rapeseed mustard) || Pusa Gaurav || Aphids II. Flat bean || Pusa Sem 2, Pusa Sem 3 || Jassids, aphids and fruit borer III. Okra (Bhindi) || Pisa Sawani, Pusa A-4 || Shoot and Fruit borer

Question 45

Topic - Plant Breed for Improved Food Quality

Answer 45

- % of people do not have food - % of People undernutrition - Solution of Hidden Hunger - Objectives for improved nutritional quality - Vitamin A enriched - - Vitamin C enriched - - Iron & calcium enriched - - Protein-enriched -

Question 46

____ no. of people in the world do not have adequate food.

Answer 46

More than 840 million

Question 47

____ no. of people suffer from micronutrients, protein, and vitamin deficiencies called ______.

Answer 47

3 billion; Hidden Hunger

Question 48

Hidden Hunger is a form of undernutrition, and its solution is ______.

Answer 48

Biofortification

Question 49

Biofortification is breeding crops with higher levels of nutrients which helps to improve public health. T/F

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Objectives of breeding for improved nutritional quality:

Answer 50

I. To improve protein content and quality. II. To improve oil content and quality. III. To improve vitamin content. IV. To improve micronutrient & mineral content.

Question 51

Topic - Examples of Biofortification

Answer 51

- Maize hybrids like _ have _ - Wheat varieties like _ have _ - Iron-fortified variety - Biofortification developed at _ place

Question 52

Maize hybrids like _____ have twice the amount of _____ compared to existing maize hybrids.

Answer 52

Protina & Shakti; Amino acids, lysine & tryptophan

Question 53

Wheat varieties like ______ have high protein content.

Answer 53

Atlas 66

Question 54

Iron-fortified ____ (wheat/rice) varieties contain ____ times more ____ as in common varieties.

Answer 54

Iron-fortified rice variety; Five times more Iron

Question 55

Vegetable crops (Rich in vitamins & minerals) are released by ______.

Answer 55

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

Question 56

Example of crops released by IARI: I. Vitamin A enriched - II. Vitamin C enriched - III. Iron & calcium enriched - IV. Protein enriched -

Answer 56

I. Carrots, spinach, pumpkin II. Bitter gourd, bathua, mustard, tomato III. Spinach & bathua IV. beans (broad, lablab, french & garden peas).