2. Steps: Plant Breeding, SCP, Tissue Culture

Question 1

Topic - Plant Breeding

Answer 1

• Just read it once

Question 2

It is the purposeful manipulation of plant species to create desired plant types suitable for better cultivation, better yields, and disease resistance.
T/F

Answer 2

True

Question 3

______ (Classical/modern) plant breeding involves hybridization of pure lines and artificial selection to produce desirable traits.

Answer 3

Classical plant breeding

Question 4

Now molecular genetic tools are used for plant breeding.
T/F

Answer 4

True

Question 5

A desirable trait that breeders have tried to incorporate is increased crop yield.
T/F

Answer 5

True

Question 6

A second desirable trait is increased tolerance to environmental stresses (salinity, extreme temperatures & drought), resistance to pathogens & increased tolerance to insects and pests.
T/F

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Topic - Steps of Breeding

Answer 7

• Steps of breeding

Question 8

The steps for Breeding are:

Answer 8

1. Collection of Genetic variability
2. Evaluation and selection of parents
3. Cross-hybridization among the selected parents
4. Selection & testing of Superior recombinants
5. Testing, release & commercialization

Question 9

Topic - Collection of Genetic variability

Answer 9

• Just read it once

Question 10

Genetic variability is the root of any breeding program.
T/F

Answer 10

True

Question 11

In many crops, pre-existing genetic variability is available from wild relatives of the crop.
T/F

Answer 11

True

Question 12

______ & ______ of wild varieties, species, and relatives of the cultivated species is a pre-requisite for the effective exploitation of natural genes.

Answer 12

Collection & preservation

Question 13

The entire collection (of plants/seeds) having all diverse alleles for all genes in a crop is called ______.

Answer 13

Germplasm collection

Question 14

Topic - Evaluation and selection of parents

Answer 14

• Just read it once

Question 15

The germplasm is evaluated for identifying plants with desirable characters.
T/F

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Selected plants are multiplied and used for hybridisation.
T/F

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Pure lines are created wherever desirable and possible.
T/F

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Topic - Cross-hybridization among the selected parents

Answer 18

• Just read it once

Question 19

It is the process in which desired characters are genetically combined from 2 different parents to produce a hybrid plant.
Example.

Answer 19

High-protein quality of one parent is combined with disease resistance from another parent

Question 20

First limitation, it is a very time-consuming and tedious process.
T/F

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Second limitation, hybrids may not combine the desirable characters. Usually, only hundreds to a thousand crosses show the desirable combination.
T/F

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Topic - Selection & testing of Superior recombinants

Answer 22

• Just read it once

Question 23

It is crucial to the success of the breeding objective and requires careful scientific evaluation of the progeny.
T/F

Answer 23

True

Question 24

It yields plants that are superior to both of the parents.
T/F

Answer 24

True

Question 25

These are self-pollinated for several generations till they reach a state of uniformity (______) so that the characters will not segregate in the progeny

Answer 25

Homozygosity

Question 26

Topic - Testing, release & commercialization

Answer 26

- Just read it once

Question 27

The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance, etc. T/F

Answer 27

True

Question 28

This is done by growing them in research and recording their performance under ideal fertilizer application irrigation and other crop management practices. T/F

Answer 28

True

Question 29

The evaluation is followed by testing the materials in farmers' fields, for ____ growing seasons at several locations in the country, representing all the agroclimatic zones.

Answer 29

At least three growing seasons

Question 30

The material is compared to the best available local crop cultivar (reference cultivar). T/F

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Topic - Single Cell Protein

Answer 31

- Examples - Spirulina is rich in - Spirulina is grown on _ & reduces _ pollution - A 250 Kg cow produces - Methylophilus Methylotrophus produces _ & have high _

Question 32

It is an alternate source of proteins for animal and human nutrition. Example.

Answer 32

I. Spirulina (Cyanobacteria or Space food) II. Methylophilus Methylotrophus III. Mushroom (Fungi, i.e., used as food)

Question 33

Spirulina is rich in protein, minerals, fats, carbohydrates & vitamins. T/F

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Spirulina is grown on materials (like wastewater from potato processing plants, straw, molasses, animal manure & sewage) reduces ______ pollution.

Answer 34

Environmental or water pollution

Question 35

A 250 Kg cow produces ____g of protein/day.

Answer 35

200 g of protein/per day

Question 36

In the same period, ____g of Methylophilus methylotrophus produces ___ tonnes of protein.

Answer 36

250 g produces 25 tonnes of protein

Question 37

Methylophilus Methylotrophus have high _____ and hence produce high protein.

Answer 37

High Biomass

Question 38

Topic - Tissue Culture

Answer 38

- in-vivo/in-vitro - Explant - Nutritive media provide _ - Growth regulators like _ - Totipotency - Micropropagation - Somaclones - Produced _ on a commercial scale - Used for recovering _ - Meristematic tissue - Meristem culture of

Question 39

______ is an in-vitro technique of growing plant cells/tissues/organs in special nutrient media under sterile conditions.

Answer 39

Tissue culture

Question 40

____ is any part of a plant grown in a test tube.

Answer 40

Explant

Question 41

The nutrient medium must provide a carbon source (such as sucrose), inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, and growth regulators like ______.

Answer 41

Auxins, Cytokinins, etc.

Question 42

The ability to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant is called ______.

Answer 42

Totipotency

Question 43

The method of producing thousands of plants in a very short time through tissue culture is called ______.

Answer 43

Micropropagation

Question 44

These plants will be genetically identical to the original plant, i.e., they are ______.

Answer 44

Somaclones

Question 45

______ are produced on a commercial scale using this method.

Answer 45

Tomato, bananas, apples, etc.

Question 46

Tissue culture is also used for recovering healthy plants from diseased plants. Hence, useful for crop improvement. T/F

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Even if the plant is infected with a virus, ______ is free of virus.

Answer 47

Meristematic tissue (apical and axillary)

Question 48

_____ from the infected plant is removed and grown ____ (in-vitro/in-vivo) to obtain virus-free plants.

Answer 48

Meristem (it will be free of viruses); in-vitro

Question 49

Scientists have done Meristem culture of-

Answer 49

Banana, sugarcane, potato, etc.

Question 50

Topic - Somatic Hybridization

Answer 50

- Fusion of _ - Digesting the cell wall - Somatic hybrids - Examples.

Question 51

It is the fusion of ______ from two different varieties of plants (with desirable characteristics) to get hybrid protoplasts.

Answer 51

Isolated Protoplasts

Question 52

Protoplasts (surrounded by a plasma membrane) can be isolated after digesting the cell walls of single cells of plants. T/F

Answer 52

True

Question 53

It can be grown to form a new plant called ____.

Answer 53

Somatic hybrids

Question 54

Example of Somatic Hybridization.

Answer 54

Potato + Tomato = Pomato (not used commercially because of undesirable characters)