Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal Exam 1 > (3) Physiology of Body Fluid (Walker) > Flashcards

(3) Physiology of Body Fluid (Walker) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the kidney?

A

Regulate the volume and composition of the body fluids within narrow limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you calculate total body water (TBW)?

A

0.6 x Body weight (kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do you calculate extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

0.2 x body weight (kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you calculate intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

0.4 x body weight (kg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the 60-40-20 rule?

A

60% of body weight is total body water

40% of body weight or 2/3 of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)

20% of body weight or 1/3 of total body water is extracellular fluid (ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is extracellular fluid (ECF) further divided?

A

Interstitial fluid (75%)

Plasma (25%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ is an intermediary b/w cells and the external enviornment

All exchanges of H2O and other constituents b/w ICF and the external world must occur through the ________

Water added to the body fluids always enters the _____ compartment first, and fluid always leaves the body via the ______

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is third spacing?

A

Too much fluid shifts from the blood vessels (intravascular) into the non-functional area of the cells

***Third spacing is problematic, fluid is being lost from the intravascular space

*See in burn victims

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe osmosis

A

Water moves from an area of higher concentration of water (more dilute solution, lower solute concentration)

TO

Area of lower concentration of water (more concentrated solution, higher solute concentration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the major(s) ion in the extracellular fluid?

What is the major(s) ion in the intracellular fluid?

A

Extracellular = Na+ and Cl-

Intracellular = K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define:

Nonelectrolytes

A

Contain covalent bonds that prevent them from dissociating in solution and therefore have no electrical charge

egs: glucose, lipids, and urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define:

Electrolytes

A

Dissociate into ions (ionize) in water

egs: Mg+, Na+, Cl-, K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F

Electrolytes have a lower osmotic power than nonelectrolytes

A

FALSE!!!

Electrolytes have a higher osmotic power than nonelectrolytes because each electrolyte molecule dissociates into at least two ions

*Electrolytes have a greater ability to cause fluid shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Write out the normal ranges for the following values

*PAY ATTENTION TO NA+, Cl-, Creatinine, BUN, Serum osmolality

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define:

Osmolality

A

Measure of the number of osmotically active particles per kilogram of H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define

Osmolarity

A

The number of osmotically active particles per liter of total solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disturbances in plasma

ECF volume loss will result in…

A

INCREASED total plasma protein (concentration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disturbances in plasma

ECF volume gain will result in…

A

DECREASED total plasma protein (dilution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Disturbances in Hematocrit

ICF volume loss will result in:

A

DECREASED hematocrit

(Shrinkage of RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Disturbances in Hematocrit

ICF volume gain will result in:

A

INCREASED hematocrit

(swelling of RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the indicators used for determining:

Volumes of |

Extracellular Fluid

Plasma

A

Extracellular Fluid = Inulin

Plasma = Radio labeled albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

*** PRACTICE QUESTION ***

A

Intracellular volume = Increased

Intracellular osmolarity = Decreased

Extracellular volume = Decreased

Extracellular osmolarity=Decreased

Things to note:

Notice that the man is losing 3 L of SWEAT which contains electrolytes. That is different from the water!!!

23
Q

What is the Gibbs-Donnan Effect?

A

The presence of a negatively charged protein on one side of a semipermeable membrane generates both osmotic and electrochemical gradients accross the membrane

24
Q

What would happen if gibbs-donnan effects were not countered?

A

Intracellular proteins would result in an influx of water into the cell

CAUSING cell swelling and death

25
Q

What counteracts the Gibbs-donnan effect?

A

Na/K+ ATPase pump

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

Maintains a high Na+ concentration outside the cell

26
Q

Sodium is responsible for the ____ osmotic balance

Potassium maintais the ____ osmotic balance

A

Sodium is responsible for the ECF osmotic balance

Potassium maintais the ICF osmotic balance

27
Q

What is the pressure called that refers to:

“the movement of fluids through capillaries as the result of blood pushing against the walls of the capillary”

A

Hydrostatisc pressure

28
Q

When ______ pressure builds inside a capillary, it forces fluids and solutes out through the capillary walls into the interstitial fluid

A

When hydrostatic pressure pressure builds inside a capillary, it forces fluids and solutes out through the capillary walls into the interstitial fluid

29
Q

“The pulling force of albumin in the intravascular space attracts water and holds it inside the blood vessel. This is referred to as __________”

A

Plasma colloid oncotic pressure

30
Q

Describe with osmotic and hydrostatic pressures what is occuring with

Filtration

A

Capillary blood pressure > Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

31
Q

Describe with osmotic and hydrostatic pressures what is occuring with

Absorption

A

Capillary blood pressure < Colloid osmotic pressure

32
Q

What is edema?

A

Palpable swelling produced by expansion of interstitial fluid volume

33
Q

What is edema caused by?

A
  1. Alteration in capillary hemodynamics
  2. Renal retention of dietary Na+ and water expansion of ECF volume
34
Q

How would you calculate net filtration?

A

4 forces contribute (Starling forces)

  1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
  2. Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure
  3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
  4. Interstitial oncotic pressure
35
Q

What is the tonicity of a solution?

A

The effect the solution has on cell volume

(Whether the cell remains the same size, swells or shrinks)

36
Q

Cells have a normal NaCl concentration equal to?

A

0.85%

37
Q

Describe what an isotonic solution is

A

Isotonic-cell enviornment has a NaCl concentration equal to 0.85%

*If cells are placed in isotonic solution, there will be equal movement of water in and out of the cell

38
Q

Describe what a hypertonic solution is

A

Hypertonic cells enviornment has a NaCl concentration greater than 0.85%

*If cells are placed in hypertonic solution, there will be a net movement of water out of the cell which will cause the cell to shrink

39
Q

Describe what an hypotonic solution is

A

Hypotonic: cells’ enviornment has a NaCl concentration less than 0.85%

*If cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net movement of water into the cell which will cause the cell to swell

40
Q

What are replacement therapies used for?

What are the two categories?

A

It’s a method for treating fluid and electrolyte alterations by infusion of I.V. solutions

  1. Crystalloids
  2. Colloids
41
Q

What are crystalloids?

What are colloids?

A

Crystalloids: contains organic or inorganic salts dissolved in sterile water (egs, glucose, sodium chloride, normal saline (0.9% sodium choloride), DOES NOT CROSS PM -> remains in ECF

Colloids: contains large molecules that don’t pass through semipermeable membranes (eg. albumin)

42
Q

What is the equation for plasma (serum) osmolarity?

A

3 main solutes in the ECF are:

Sodium, Glucose, Urea

*normal range = 275 -295 mOsm/kg

43
Q

What are the two ways dehydration can be divided?

A

ACCORDING TO SERUM SODIUM CONCENTRATION

Hypernatremic

Hyponatremic

44
Q

Describe the state of hypotonic (hyponatremic) dehydration

A

Loss of sodium > loss of water in ECF

Serum [Na+] in ICF > ECF

Water shifts from ECF to ICF to establish osmotic equilibrium

*Serum Na+ and Serum osmolality will be less than the normal range

45
Q

Describe the hypertonic (hypernatremic) dehydration state

A

Loss of water > Loss of Na+ in ECF

Serum osmolality will exceed 300mOsm/kg

Serum Na+ will be more than 150 mEq/L

46
Q

Serum sodium = 150mEq/L

What state are we in?

A

Hypernatremia

Serum sodium above 147-150 mEq/L

47
Q

Serum sodium = 125 mEq/L

What state are we in?

A

Hyponatremia

Serum sodium level below 130-135 mEq/L

48
Q

What is a Darrow-Yannet diagram measuring?

A

Used to study the effect of various clinical conditions

Such as (dehydration, shock, vomiting, diarrhea)

On osmolality and volume of extracellular and intracellular fluid

Solid line=normal values

Dashed line=change in the volume and osmolality

49
Q

What is occuring in this darrow-yannet diagram?

A

[Iso-osmotic volume contraction]

ACUTE FLUID LOSS (hemorrhage, diarrhea, vomiting)

Decrease in ECF volume

No change in body osmolality and ICF volume

50
Q

What is occuring in this Darrow-yannet diagram?

A

[Hyperosmotic volume contraction]

HYPOTONIC FLUID LOSS (dehydration, DM, alcoholism)

Decrease in ECF and ICF volume

Increase in body osmolality

51
Q

What is occuring in this Darrow-Yannet diagram?

A

[Isoosmotic volume expansion]

Isotonic saline

Increase in ECF volume

No change in osmolality and ICF volume

52
Q

What is occuring in this Darrow-Yannet diagram?

A

[Hypo-smotic volume expansion]

Gain o hypotonic fluid

(conditions like excess water-drinking and SIADH)

Increase in ECF and ICF

Decrease in Body osmolality

53
Q

*** Practice Problem ***

A

See last few slides in lecture for long explanation lol

54
Q

*** Practice Problem ***

A

C. 0.9% NaCl IV

Renal Exam 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions