(1) Renal Anatomy and Histology (Brauer) Flashcards
What are the organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
What structures make up the urinary tract?
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Describe the location of the kidneys
Retroperitoneal
T12-L3 levels
Lower on right (*liver pushes down)
What is the name of the IMPORTANT plane on the posterior aspect of the kidneys?
Transpyloric plane
Kidneys are partially protected posteriorly by?
11th and 12th ribs
Renal Fat
What is perinephric fat?
Adjacent kidney capsule, extends into renal hilum and pelvis
Renal Fat
What is renal fascia?
Covers fat enveloping kidney and suprarenal gland
Renal Fat
What is paranephric fat?
External to renal fascia
Label the:
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Papilla of pyramid
Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Minor Calyx
Ureter
Renal pyramid
Renal Column
Label the:
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Papilla of pyramid
Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Minor Calyx
Ureter
Renal pyramid
Renal Column
Starting at the AORTA, write out the progression of the blood supply to the kidney
Sympathetic innervation to the kidneys is provided by…
Lesser splanchnic (T10-11)
Least splanchnic (T12)
Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)
Parasympathetic innervation to the kidneys is provided by…
Vagus n.
What is considered the urine carrying unit?
the NEPHRON
Label the renal tubular structures
What are the arrows pointing to?
Medullary Rays
Where are renal corpuscles located?
CORTEX
What is the renal corpuscle composed of?
Glomerulus
Glomerular Capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
What is the specialized cell type that is in the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule?
Podocytes
What are the poles of the renal corpuscles?
Vascular pole (afferent and efferent arteriole)
Urinary pole (origin of PCT)
Describe the composition of the glomerular endothelium
Has PORES
Thick luminal glycocalyx (-) charged
Possess large numbers of aquaporin water channels
Label the diagram of Bowman’s Capsular Space
Label the diagram of the filtration membrane
What is albuminia indicative of?
Urine albumin indicative of damaged glomerular basement membrane
What are mesangial cells?
Function?
Cells that support glomerular loops and extracellular matrix of podocytes
PHAGOCYTIC
Can regulate GFR
Secrete growth factors in response to injury
Proliferate in certain kidney diseases
All tubules within the nephron are ______ epithelium
SIMPLE!!!
One layer thick
Describe the defining characteristics of proximal convoluted tubules:
Most abundant tubule
Found in renal cortex
Most active tubule in resorption and secretion
Abundant microvilli & mitochondria
Purpose of loop of henle?
Set up hyperosmotic gradient as it descends into the medulla and back up into the cortex
Distal convoluted tubules are influenced by ____________ to regulate Na+ resorption
Angiotensin II
Function of the collecting ducts?
Receive primitive urine from several nephrons
MOSTLY functions in water reabsorption
Collecting tubules/ducts are the targets of ____ and __________ theyby increasing Na+ reabsorption and water retention
ADH
Aldosterone
What are the two basic cell types of the collecting tubules/ducts?
- Light cells
- Dark cells
Functions of light and dark cells in collecting tubules/ducts?
Light cells | Principal cells, target of aldosterone
Dark cells | Intercalated cells, involved in H+ and bicarbonate transport
Types of Capillary Beds
Describe:
Glomerulus
Fed by afferent arterioles
Drained by efferent arterioles
Types of Capillary Beds
Describe:
Peritubular capillaries
Arise from efferent arterioles
SURROUND convoluted tubles
Lined with fenestrated endothelium
***Function= reuptake of H2O and salts
Types of Capillary Beds
Describe:
Vasa Recta
Arise from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli
Descending lined with continuous endothelium
Ascending lined with fenestrated endothelium
Runs along-side loop of henle
What cells secrete renin?
When is it secreted?
Juxtaglomerular cells
When BP drops too low
What is contained in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Juxtaglomerular cells
Macula Densa
Function of macula densa?
Chemoreceptor
Monitors Na+
Signals release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells if Na+ is low
What is the specialized epithelium that lines the urinary tract?
Transitional epithelium
What are the 3 layers of transitional epithelium (urothelium)?
Superficial-stretched and relaxed
Intermediate sliding layer
Basal stem cells
What are the specialized units that contribute to the changing states of the transitional epithelium?
Fusiform vesicles (FV)
Fuse with plasma membrane when cells is distended,
Endocytosed when non distended
How does the transitional epithelium ensure that it doesn’t allow the urine to leak out?
Uroplakin proteins/ Urothelial plaques
create an impermeable barrier
What is this structure?
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
What is the trigone?
Inferior/posterior wall where ureters and urethra open
Label the bladder
How does the epithelium transition in the urethra?
(From proximal to distal)
Transitional epithelium –>
Pseudostratified columnar –>
Stratified squamous epithelium (at distal end)
The Female Urethra
Which sphincter is under voluntary control?
Which sphincter is under involuntary control?
Internal urethral sphincter = involuntary
External urethral sphincter = voluntary
The Female Urethra
Aprox. how long is it?
3-5 cm
VERY SHORT
Easy to aquire infections
Male/Female Urethra
What is the name of the structure that passes through the urogenital diaphragm?
Membranous urethra
Male Urethra
What is the additional structure?
Prostatic Urethra
What is this?!
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal dominant (1:500 in USA)
Cysts form that crush tissue and impede drainage
Dialysis and kidney transplant only major options
