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Renal Exam 1 > (1) Renal Anatomy and Histology (Brauer) > Flashcards

(1) Renal Anatomy and Histology (Brauer) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

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2
Q

What structures make up the urinary tract?

A

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

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3
Q

Describe the location of the kidneys

A

Retroperitoneal

T12-L3 levels

Lower on right (*liver pushes down)

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4
Q

What is the name of the IMPORTANT plane on the posterior aspect of the kidneys?

A

Transpyloric plane

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5
Q

Kidneys are partially protected posteriorly by?

A

11th and 12th ribs

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6
Q

Renal Fat

What is perinephric fat?

A

Adjacent kidney capsule, extends into renal hilum and pelvis

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7
Q

Renal Fat

What is renal fascia?

A

Covers fat enveloping kidney and suprarenal gland

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8
Q

Renal Fat

What is paranephric fat?

A

External to renal fascia

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9
Q

Label the:

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Papilla of pyramid

Major Calyx

Renal Pelvis

Minor Calyx

Ureter

Renal pyramid

Renal Column

A
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10
Q

Label the:

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Papilla of pyramid

Major Calyx

Renal Pelvis

Minor Calyx

Ureter

Renal pyramid

Renal Column

A
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11
Q

Starting at the AORTA, write out the progression of the blood supply to the kidney

A
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12
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the kidneys is provided by…

A

Lesser splanchnic (T10-11)

Least splanchnic (T12)

Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)

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13
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to the kidneys is provided by…

A

Vagus n.

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14
Q

What is considered the urine carrying unit?

A

the NEPHRON

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15
Q

Label the renal tubular structures

A
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16
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A

Medullary Rays

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17
Q

Where are renal corpuscles located?

A

CORTEX

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18
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

Glomerulus

Glomerular Capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

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19
Q

What is the specialized cell type that is in the visceral layer of bowman’s capsule?

A

Podocytes

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20
Q

What are the poles of the renal corpuscles?

A

Vascular pole (afferent and efferent arteriole)

Urinary pole (origin of PCT)

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21
Q

Describe the composition of the glomerular endothelium

A

Has PORES

Thick luminal glycocalyx (-) charged

Possess large numbers of aquaporin water channels

22
Q

Label the diagram of Bowman’s Capsular Space

A
23
Q

Label the diagram of the filtration membrane

A
24
Q

What is albuminia indicative of?

A

Urine albumin indicative of damaged glomerular basement membrane

25
Q

What are mesangial cells?

Function?

A

Cells that support glomerular loops and extracellular matrix of podocytes

PHAGOCYTIC

Can regulate GFR

Secrete growth factors in response to injury

Proliferate in certain kidney diseases

26
Q

All tubules within the nephron are ______ epithelium

A

SIMPLE!!!

One layer thick

27
Q

Describe the defining characteristics of proximal convoluted tubules:

A

Most abundant tubule

Found in renal cortex

Most active tubule in resorption and secretion

Abundant microvilli & mitochondria

28
Q

Purpose of loop of henle?

A

Set up hyperosmotic gradient as it descends into the medulla and back up into the cortex

29
Q

Distal convoluted tubules are influenced by ____________ to regulate Na+ resorption

A

Angiotensin II

30
Q

Function of the collecting ducts?

A

Receive primitive urine from several nephrons

MOSTLY functions in water reabsorption

31
Q

Collecting tubules/ducts are the targets of ____ and __________ theyby increasing Na+ reabsorption and water retention

A

ADH

Aldosterone

32
Q

What are the two basic cell types of the collecting tubules/ducts?

A
  1. Light cells
  2. Dark cells
33
Q

Functions of light and dark cells in collecting tubules/ducts?

A

Light cells | Principal cells, target of aldosterone

Dark cells | Intercalated cells, involved in H+ and bicarbonate transport

34
Q

Types of Capillary Beds

Describe:

Glomerulus

A

Fed by afferent arterioles

Drained by efferent arterioles

35
Q

Types of Capillary Beds

Describe:

Peritubular capillaries

A

Arise from efferent arterioles

SURROUND convoluted tubles

Lined with fenestrated endothelium

***Function= reuptake of H2O and salts

36
Q

Types of Capillary Beds

Describe:

Vasa Recta

A

Arise from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli

Descending lined with continuous endothelium

Ascending lined with fenestrated endothelium

Runs along-side loop of henle

37
Q

What cells secrete renin?

When is it secreted?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

When BP drops too low

38
Q

What is contained in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

Macula Densa

39
Q

Function of macula densa?

A

Chemoreceptor

Monitors Na+

Signals release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells if Na+ is low

40
Q

What is the specialized epithelium that lines the urinary tract?

A

Transitional epithelium

41
Q

What are the 3 layers of transitional epithelium (urothelium)?

A

Superficial-stretched and relaxed

Intermediate sliding layer

Basal stem cells

42
Q

What are the specialized units that contribute to the changing states of the transitional epithelium?

A

Fusiform vesicles (FV)

Fuse with plasma membrane when cells is distended,

Endocytosed when non distended

43
Q

How does the transitional epithelium ensure that it doesn’t allow the urine to leak out?

A

Uroplakin proteins/ Urothelial plaques

create an impermeable barrier

44
Q

What is this structure?

A

Ureter

45
Q

Urinary Bladder

What is the trigone?

A

Inferior/posterior wall where ureters and urethra open

46
Q

Label the bladder

A
47
Q

How does the epithelium transition in the urethra?

(From proximal to distal)

A

Transitional epithelium –>

Pseudostratified columnar –>

Stratified squamous epithelium (at distal end)

48
Q

The Female Urethra

Which sphincter is under voluntary control?

Which sphincter is under involuntary control?

A

Internal urethral sphincter = involuntary

External urethral sphincter = voluntary

49
Q

The Female Urethra

Aprox. how long is it?

A

3-5 cm

VERY SHORT

Easy to aquire infections

50
Q

Male/Female Urethra

What is the name of the structure that passes through the urogenital diaphragm?

A

Membranous urethra

51
Q

Male Urethra

What is the additional structure?

A

Prostatic Urethra

52
Q

What is this?!

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal dominant (1:500 in USA)

Cysts form that crush tissue and impede drainage

Dialysis and kidney transplant only major options

Renal Exam 1 (8 decks)

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