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[OS 206] 3rd Lecture Exam > [3] Overview of Renal Physiology and Glomerular Filtration > Flashcards

[3] Overview of Renal Physiology and Glomerular Filtration Flashcards

1
Q

3 Options of ERSD

A

Transplant
Dialysis
Death

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2
Q

A man contains about what % of body weight in water?

A

60%

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3
Q

Specifically what part of the kidney produces renin?

A

Granular cells in the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

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4
Q

Function: Renin

A

Converts Angiotensinogen -> Angiotensin I

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5
Q

What is the rate limiting step of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

A

Renin conversion of Antiotensinogen to Angiotensin I

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6
Q

What converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

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7
Q

What produces Angiotensin Converting Enzyme?

A

Mostly by the lungs and some by the kidneys

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8
Q

Function: Angiotensin II

A
  1. Stimulation of sympathetic activity
  2. Formation of aldosterone
  3. Arteriolar vasoconstriction causing increase in BP
  4. Stimulation of ADH secretion from posterior lobe of pituitary gland causing water absorption
  5. Cardiac and vascular hypertrophy
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9
Q

What stimulates thirst?

A

Angiotensin II

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10
Q

Angiotensin is stimulated by?

A

Low BP
Decreased sodium delivery to the macula densa
Sympathetic Stimulation

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11
Q

Where is Erythropoietin produced?

A

Peritubular Capillary and Endothelial Cells in the Kidney

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12
Q

Main stimulus of erythropoietin

A

Hypoxia

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13
Q

Stages of Erythropoiesis

A
  1. Stem and Progenitor Stage

2. Precursor Stage

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14
Q

Steps of Erythropoiesis

A

Pluripotential Stem Cell -> Unipotential Stem Cell -> Burst Forming Colonies -> Colony Forming Units -> Precursor Cells

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15
Q

What do precursor cells need to mature?

A

Folic Acid
Iron
Vitamin B

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16
Q

If a patient has a kidney problem what do you need to do before administering erythropoietin?

A

Give iron and vitamin B to ensure maturation of RBCs

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17
Q

What happens to stem cells without erythropoietin?

A

Apoptosis

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18
Q

What is Calcitriol

A

Active metabolite of Vitamin D

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19
Q

What is Vitamin D important in the absorption of?

A

Calcium

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20
Q

What happens to Vitamin D in the presence of sunlight?

A

Activates 7-dehydrocholesterol -> cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

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21
Q

Composition: Renal Corpuscle

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s Capsule

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22
Q

What epithelial cells cover the Glomerulus?

A

Podocytes

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23
Q

Composition: Renal Tubule

A

Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Distal Convoluted Tubule

24
Q

Types of Nephrons

A

Cortical

Juxtamedullary

25
Characteristics of the Cortical Nephron
Short Loop of Henle | Almost Absent Thing Ascending Limb
26
Network of Peritubular Capillaries and Series of Vascular Loops
Vasa Recta
27
Where do you find the vasa recta?
Juxtaglomerular Nephron
28
Vasa Recta receives how much of the renal blood flow?
0.7%
29
[Cortical Nephron vs. Juxtamedullary Nephron] Location
CN: Near Cortex JN: Reaches Medulla
30
[Cortical Nephron vs. Juxtamedullary Nephron] Source of Afferent Arterioles
CN: Interlobular Artery JN: Interlobular Artery/Arcuate Artery
31
[Cortical Nephron vs. Juxtamedullary Nephron] 2nd Set of Capillaries
CN: Peritubular Capillary JN: Vasa Recta
32
Pathway of Vitamin D Metabolism
Sunlight -> 7-dehydrocholesterol -> Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) -> 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 -> 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
33
3 Basic Renal Processes
1. Glomerular Filtration 2. Tubular Reabsorption 3. Tubular Secretion
34
Define: Glomerular Filtration
Filtration of the plasma in the glomerulus | Ultrafiltrate collects in the urinary space of Bowman's capsule and flows to the tubular lumen
35
Differentiate Tubular Secretion vs. Tubular Excretion
Excretion: Elimination through urine Secretion: Peritubular capillary into the lumen
36
Components of GFR
Blood Filtration Membrane Ultrafiltrate Formation
37
Comparison of Blood Flow to Different Organs 1. Kidney 2. Heart 3. Brain 4. Liver 5. Resting Muscles
1. Kidney: 4.0 mL/g/min. 2. Heart: 0.9 3. Brain: 0.6 4. Liver: 0.2 5. Resting Muscles: 0.1
38
Most blood flow to the kidney goes to?
Renal Cortex 70% of the Kidney's Weight but 92% of Blood Flow
39
Parts of a Renal Corpuscle
1. Endothelial Fenestration 2. Basement Membrane 3. SM Membrane between Pedicels
40
Parts of the Basement Membrane
1. Lamina Dense: Central Layer | 2. Lamina Rara Interna and Externa
41
Most important factor for filterability
Size
42
What passes easier, positively or negatively charged molecules?
Negative
43
Normal GFR
125ml/minute
44
Starling Hypothesis Equation
Jv = Kf [(Pcap – PIF) – σ(πcap – πIF)] = Kf (∆P - ∆π)
45
Define: Mesangial Cell
Supports the glomerular capillary and secretes the extracellular matrix Secretes prostaglandins and cytokines Has contractile properties (most important for GFR)
46
Sample problem: What is the net filtration pressure if the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pcap) is 55mmHg, plasma oncotic pressure (πcap) is 30 mmHg and hydrostatic pressure at Bowmann’s capsule (Pif) is 15 mmHg? (Oncotic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule (πif)) = 0)
NFP = [(Pcap – Pif) – (πcap– πif)] = (ΔP) – (Δπ) = (55-15)-(30) = 10 mmHg
47
[Skeletal Muscle Capillary] Where is hydrostatic pressure high? Where is it low?
High: Arterial End Low: Venous End
48
[Renal Capillary] Where is hydrostatic pressure high? Where is it low?
Generally higher than extracapillary and does not decline significantly with distance
49
[Renal Capillary] Where is oncotic pressure high? Where is it low?
Oncotic pressure increases due to filtration of protein-free fluid
50
Effect of Angiotensin on GFR
Angiotensin vasoconstricts the efferent arteriole | Increases GFR
51
Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism is a function of?
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
52
Explain: Myogenic Reflex Theory
If vascular wall tension is to maintain the constancy of blood flow, the radius is forced to increase when pressure drops or the radius is forced to decrease as pressure increases
53
Formula for Vascular Wall Tension
T = P x R P: Pressure Gradient R: Radius of the Vessel
54
What is the autoregulatory range?
100 mmHg - 200 mmHg
55
What does the autoregulation mechanism autoregulate?
Constancy of RBF and GFR

[OS 206] 3rd Lecture Exam (10 decks)

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