3 - Network Addressing Flashcards
What does IEEE stand for?
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Who assigns the manufacturing code of a mac address?
IEEE or institute of electrical and electronics engineers
What does BIA stand for?
Burned in Address
Ethernet is a _________________ network technology commonly used in local area networks.
broadcast
A NIC will ignore frames that are not intended for?
- its own address
- the network broadcast address
- relevant group address ie multicast group
What is the 802.3 IEEE standard based off of?
CSMA/CD or Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
what type of ethernet networks do not use any method to control media access?
Full-Duplex Ethernet
How many fields does an ethernet frame consist of?
Seven
How many fields of an ethernet frame are considered the header?
the first five
What are the seven fields of an ethernet frame?
- preamble field
- SOF or start of frame field/ SFD start frame delimeter
- destination address field
- source address field
- type field
- data field
- FCS or frame check sequence field
What is the preamble field of an ethernet frame used for?
notify receiving hosts that a frame is being sent
What is the SOF field of an ethernet frame used for?
synchronization with other hosts on the lan
what is the destination address field of an ethernet frame used for?
to house the mac address of the intended host
what is the source address field of an ethernet frame used for?
to house the mac address of the sending host
What is the major difference between an Ethernet II frame and an older 802.3 frame?
Ethernet II frames use the type field to identify the Network layer protocol. 802.3 frames use a length field because it cannot identify the protocol
How big can the data field of an ethernet frame be?
46 to 1500 bytes
How big is the preamble field of an ethernet frame?
7 bytes
How big is the SFD or start frame delimiter field of an ethernet frame?
1 byte
How big is the destination address field of an ethernet frame?
6 bytes
How big is the source address field of an ethernet frame?
6 bytes
How big is the type/length field of an ethernet frame?
2 bytes
How big is the FCS or Frame Check Sequence field of an ethernet frame?
4 bytes
How many 8-bit octets make up a MAC address?
six
How many bytes are in a MAC address?
six
What is an OUI?
Organizationally Unique Identifier, the first three octets of a MAC address
What are the last three octets of a MAC address?
NIC-specific identifier
What does an I/G bit represent in a MAC address?
Individual(bit is a 0) or Group (bit is a 1). It is the second least significant bit in the most significant byte. Least significant is on the right and most significant is on the left.
What does an G/L or U/L bit represent in a Mac address?
Global or Universal (bit is a 0) or Local (bit is a 1). It is the least significant bit in the most significant byte. Least significant is on the right and most significant is on the left.
Where is the most significant octet of a MAC address?
The left most octet or octet 0
Where is the most significant bit in an octet of a MAC address?
The left most bit in the octet
Who assigns public ip addresses?
IANA or Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
What is an example of a routed protocol?
IP
What is included in an IPv4 header?
- Version field
- IHL or IP Header length field
- TOS or Type of Service field
- Total Length field
- Identification field
- Flags field
- Fragment Offset field
- TTL or Time to Live field
- Protocol field
- Header Checksum field
- Source Address field
- Destination Address field
- Options field
What is the size of an IPv4 header without options?
20 bytes or 160 bits
How big is the Version field of an IPv4 header?
4 bits
How big is the IHL or IP Header Length field of an IPv4 header?
4 bits
How big is the TOS or Type of Service field of an IPv4 header?
8 bits or 1 byte
How big is the Total Length field of an IPv4 header?
16 bits or 2 bytes
How big is the Identification field of an IPv4 header?
16 bits or 2 bytes
How big is the Flags field of an IPv4 header?
3 bits
How big is the Fragment Offset field of an IPv4 header?
13 bits
How big is the TTL or Time to Live field of an IPv4 header?
8 bits or 1 byte
How big is the Protocol field of an IPv4 header?
8 bits or 1 byte
How big is the Header Checksum field of an IPv4 header?
16 bits or 2 bytes
How big is the Source Address field of an IPv4 header?
32 bits or 4 bytes
How big is the Destination Address field of an IPv4 header?
32 bits or 4 bytes
How big is the Options field of an IPv4 header?
variable length
What is the loopback address for IPv4?
127.0.0.1
What are the private IP addresses for IPv4?
- 0.0.0/8
- 16.0.0/12
- 168.0.0/16
What is used to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses?
NAT or Network Address Translation
What does APIPA stand for?
Automatic Private IP Address
What is the range for APIPA?
169.254.0.0/16
What RFC or Request for Comments specifies APIPA?
RFC 3927
What are multicast addresses?
Used to send a single stream of data to multiple devices simultaneously, conserving bandwidth
What is the All Hosts multicast address?
224.0.0.1
What is the multicast range?
224.0.0.0/4
What is the global broadcast address of IPv4?
255.255.255.255
What is the global broadcast address in IPv4 used for?
Used to send data to every computer on a subnet
Binary system is based off of what?
Base-2 system
What is a base-2 system?
only capable of using two numbers, either a 0 or a 1
How many bits are in an octet?
8 bits
What is dotted decimal?
Way of expressing a binary number as a group of decimal numbers.
What are classful networks?
Classful networks are divided into classes: Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E
What classes of a classful network are for commercial use?
Class A, B, and C
What are Class D addresses reserved for?
Multicast traffic
What are Class E addresses reserved for?
Experimental purposes only
What is the octet range for Class A networks?
First Octet Ranges from 1 - 127
What is the octet range for Class B networks?
First Octet Ranges from 128 - 191
What is the octet range for Class C networks?
First Octet Ranges from 192 - 223
What is the octet range for Class D networks?
First Octet Ranges from 224 - 239
What is the octet range for Class E networks?
First Octet Ranges from 240 - 255
What request for comments defines ips used for commercial use of private ips?
RFC 1918
What is the range for private Class A networks?
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
What is the range for private Class B networks?
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
What is the range for private Class C networks?
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
Define a classful network.
the host and network portions of a an IP address are divided at the octet boundaries.
Define a classless network.
the host and network portions of a an IP address are not divided at the octet boundaries.
What does VLSM stand for?
Variable length subnet masks
What does CIDR stand for?
Classless inter-domain routing
What is the goal of utilizing VLSM?
more efficient use of IP addresses
Classful networks will always be either ______________ in CIDR notation?
/8
/16
/24
What bits can be used in a classless CIDR notation?
1-31. A /32 indicates a host
What is subnetting?
A technique used to divide a network into smaller subnetworks.
What is another name for route summarization?
Supernetting
What is route summarization?
combines several smaller subnets into one larger subnet
How many bits are in an IPv6 address?
128 bits
How is automatic configuration handled in IPv6?
DHCv6 (stateful)
EUI-64 (stateless)
Is IPSec supported in IPv6?
Yes, natively
What are some advantages of IPv6?
- 128 bit address space, more ips available
- Does not require NAT or PAT
- Natively implements IPSEC
- Relies on Transport layer protocols instead of header checksums for data integrity
- More efficient route aggregation by using multiple subprefixes
How many times can the :: or double colon be used in an IPv6 address?
once
Does IPv6 support broadcast?
no
What are the distinct segments of an IPv6 address?
- prefix (network portion of the address)
2. interface ID (host portion of the address)
What are the three address types of IPv4?
- unicast
- multicast
- broadcast
What are the three address types of IPv6?
- unicast
- multicast
- anycast
What address/addresses types in IPv6 are used to replace broadcast types in IPv4?
- multicast
2. anycast
What is the multicast address for all hosts in IPv4 and IPv6?
224.0.0.1
FF02::1
What is the multicast address for all routers in IPv4 and IPv6?
224.0.0.2
FF02::2
What is the multicast address for all OSPF routers in IPv4 and IPv6?
224.0.0.5
FF02::5
What is the multicast address for all OSPF DRs in IPv4 and IPv6?
224.0.0.6
FF02::6
What is the multicast address for all RIP Routers (except RIPv1) in IPv4 and IPv6?
224.0.0.9
FF02::9
What is the multicast address for all EIGRP Routers in IPv4 and IPv6?
224.0.0.10
FF02::A
What are anycast addresses typically used for?
load balancing
What are the three types of IPv6 unicast addresses?
- Global unicast
- Unique local unicast
- Link-local unicast
What is the loopback address for IPv6?
::1
What do multicast addresses start with in IPv6?
FF
What do Link-local unicast addresses start with in IPv6?
FE8 typically
FE9
FEA
FEB
What do Unique local unicast addresses start with in IPv6?
FC
FD
What do Global unicast addresses start with in IPv6?
2 or 3
Who assigns Global unicast addresses in IPv6?
ICANN or Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
Since Unique local addresses in IPv6 are randomly generated prefixes, what can they not do?
cannot be summarized
Since Link local addresses in IPv6 are used for communication over a single link, what can they not do?
cannot be routed
What are Link local addresses in IPv6 typically used for?
neighbor discovery
What address space do anycast addresses share with?
Global unicast addresses
What is the unspecified address in IPv6?
::
How many bits are in the registry prefix of a global unicast address?
23 bits
How many bits are in the ISP prefix of a global unicast address?
9 bits
How many bits are in the site prefix of a global unicast address?
16 bits
How many bits are in the subnet prefix of a global unicast address?
16 bits
How many bits are in an interface ID of a global unicast address?
64 bits
What is the hierarchical structure of an IPv6 global unicast address?
- registry prefix
- ISP prefix
- Site prefix
- Subnet prefix
- interface ID
How is an EUI-64 IPv6 address created?
Taking the OUI of the mac address first, followed by FFFE, followed by the NIC specific identifier
How do you make an EUI-64 address globally unique?
Convert the seventh bit of the ID to a 1
How do you make an EUI-64 address locally unique?
Convert eh seventh bit of the ID to a 0
What is dual stack?
enables a host or router to communicate over ipv4 and ipv6.
What is NAT-PT?
is used to enable communicataions between ipv6 only hosts and ipv4 only hosts by translating ipv4 to ipv6 and vice versa
Does NAT-PT create an address mapping table?
Yes
Name the different tunneling methods used in ipv4 to ipv6 or ipv6 to ipv4?
6to4
4to6
ISATAP intrasite automatic tunnel addressing protocol
terdo
How does 6to4 tunneling work?
Ipv6 traffic is encapsulated in an ipv4 header
How does 4to6 tunneling work?
ipv4 traffic is encapsulated in an ipv6 header
How does dhcpv6 work?
- client sends a router solicitation message using NDP or neighbor discovery protocol to discover neighbor routers
- Routers with reply with a router advertisements that let a client know whether DHCPv6 servers are available
- Client sends multicast packets to FF02::1:2 (all dhcp agents address)
What is not provided in a stateless address configuration?
domain name
dns servers
What is the range of well known ports?
0 - 1023
What is a socket address?
ip address appended with a port number
what does udp stand for?
User datagram protocol
What is udp used for?
unreliable, connectionless datagram transfer. does not establish a communications session before sending data, no error correction or flow control
What are some examples of protocols that use UDP?
dhcp
snmp
tftp
ntp
What fields are contained in a UDP header?
- source port
- destination port
- length
- Checksum
What are some examples of protocols that use TCP?
ftp
http
smtp
pop3
how many bits are in a udp source port field?
16 bits
how many bits are in a udp destination port field?
16 bits
How many bits are in a udp length field?
16 bits
How many bits are in a udp checksum field?
16 bits
What is tcp used for?
reliable connection oriented transfer of data. considered reliable because it offers error detection and correction, flow control, sequencing, and acknowledgements
What fields are contained in a TCP header?
- source port
- destination port
- sequence number
- acknowledgement number
- data offset
- reserved
- flags
- window
- checksum
- urgent pointer
- Options
how many bits are in a tcp source port field?
16 bits
how many bits are in a tcp destination port field?
16 bits
how many bits are in a tcp sequence number field?
32 bits
how many bits are in a tcp acknowledgement field?
32 bits
how many bits are in a tcp data offset field?
4 bits
how many bits are in a tcp reserver field?
6 bits
how many bits are in a tcp flags field?
6 bits
how many bits are in a tcp window field?
16 bits
how many bits are in a tcp checksum field?
16 bits
how many bits are in a tcp urgent pointer field?
16 bits
how many bits are in a tcp options field?
variable length plus padding