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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY 2 > 3 - Nervous System III > Flashcards

3 - Nervous System III Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common toxicosis in cattle?

A
  • Lead
  • *mostly from discarded card batteries
  • *SEASONAL: April till September
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2
Q

What does lead toxicosis cause? What does it look like grossly?

A
  • Poilioencephalomalacia
    o Laminar cortical necrosis of the GREY MATTER
    o THIN GYRI, WIDENED SULCI
    o Maybe some cysts on cross section (from loss of parenchyma)
    o *fluoresces under UV light
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3
Q

What fresh samples would you submit to confirm lead poisoning?

A
  • Liver
  • Stomach content (especially if acute)
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4
Q

What is salt toxicity also known as? What species are most commonly affected?

A
  • Water deprivation syndrome
  • *direct (too much salt in water) and indirect (not drinking water)
  • *pigs most common
  • Cattle and sheep
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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of salt toxicity? What does it give you?

A
  • Unable to remove excess Na from brain (energy dependent)
  • *polioencephalomalacia AND
  • *eosinophilic meningocephalitis
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6
Q

How would you determine if an animal has salt poisoning?

A
  • Assess fresh brain sample for Na
    o If high=salt poisoning
  • Give thiamine in live animal, if get better=salt poisoning
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7
Q

Sulphur poisoning

A
  • Thalamic hemorrhage (in thalamus
  • *nothing to test for in the animal, NEED to test the WATER
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8
Q

What is the cause of Tetanus?

A
  • *clostridium tetani
  • Secondary to penetrating wound: nails
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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of tetanus toxin?

A
  • Bacteria release tetanospasmin (toxin) transported by RETROGRADE axoplasmic flow
  • *tetanospasmin blocks release of INHIBITORY NTs (ex. glycine, GABA)
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10
Q

How do you diagnosis tetanus?

A
  • CLINICALLY
  • **NO gross or histo lesions and NO confirmatory tests available
    o Same with botulism
    o (rabies gives you histo lesions, but not GROSS lesions)
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11
Q

What causes botulism?

A
  • Neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum
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12
Q

Botulism

A
  • Mainly HORSES thorugh wounds OR ingestion of toxin
  • *toxin inhibits release of ACh = flaccid paralysis
  • *NO gross or histo lesions
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13
Q

Plant toxins (Locoweed poisoning): ‘steps’

A
  1. Astragalus, Oxytropis, Swainsona poisoning
  2. Chronic ingestion
  3. Enzyme inhibition causing lysosomal storage disease (mannosidosis)
  4. Abnormal accumulation of molecules in brain and elsewhere
  5. Neuronal swelling and death
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14
Q

What does prolonged ingestion of yellow star thistle cause?

A
  • Nigropallidal encephalomalacia
  • *HORSE DIESEASE
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15
Q

**Moldy corn disease (Leukoencephalomalacia)

A
  • Ingestion of moldy feed
    o Mainly corn or corn by-products contaminated with Fusarium moniliforme (fungus)
  • *white matter undergoes NECROSIS
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16
Q

*What is the primary toxin isolated from Fusarium moniliforme?

A
  • Fumonisin B1
  • *interferes with spingolipid biosynthesis
    o Accumulate and then cells die
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17
Q

What are some incidental findings of the CNS?

A
  • Congenital melanosis
  • Dural ossification
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18
Q

Congenital melanosis

A
  • Melanin pigement makes brain appear dark brown, BUT does NOT cause any abnormality
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19
Q

Dural ossification

A
  • Osseous metaplasia
  • *age related change
  • DOGS and CATS
  • Usually incidental but can cause compression
  • *red, bony concretions in dura matter of SC due to hematopoiesis in bone marrow
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20
Q

What causes Ischemic myelopathy?

A
  • DOGS
  • Herniation of degenerative disk material into vasculature
    o Herniated material BLOCKS blood supply and cause a large area of NECROSIS
    o *due to a fibrocartilaginous emboli
  • Always acute, sudden onset of neurological deficit (hindlimb paresis)
  • *ASSOCAITED WITH EXERCISE AND/OR TRAUMA
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21
Q

Hypomyelinogenesis

A
  • Process in which there is UNDEVELOPMENT of myelin
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22
Q

Dysmyelination

A
  • Formation of biochemically DEFECTIVE myelin
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23
Q

Hypomyelinogenesis and dysmyelination

A
  • Both occur in early postnatal period
  • Have similar clinical and pathologic features
    o Young animal with neurological deficits
  • *viruses and hereditary conditions
    o BREED specific abnormalities
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24
Q

Traumatic injury

A
  • Skin then,
  • Bone damage
  • Grossly detectable HEMORRHAGE
  • Tearing of CNS tissue
    o Results in tissue NECROSIS and NEURONAL LOSS
  • *epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid space under the pia matter and in the brain
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25
Q

Compressive injuries in brain: examples and what does it cause

A
  • *neoplasms
  • Abscesses
  • Granulomas
  • *compress brain causing herniation
26
Q

Compression injuries to SC: 2 types

A
  • Intramedullary compression
  • Extramedullary compression
27
Q

Intramedullary compression: SC, causes

A
  • Neoplasms
  • Abscesses
  • Granulomas
  • *LESS COMMON
28
Q

Extramedullary compression: SC, causes

A
  • MORE common
  • Intervertebral disk herniation (dog)
  • Cervical stenotic myelopathy (wobbler syndrome) in HORSE and DOG
29
Q

If tumor below the cerebellum in YOUNG animals, what tumor would it be?

A
  • Medulloblastoma
30
Q

Medulloblastoma: cell of origin and age category

A
  • Primitive cells originating in neuroepithelial roof of 4th ventricle that gives rise to EXTERNAL GRANULAR CELL LAYER
  • *young animals
31
Q

Astrocytoma: cell or origin and location

A
  • DOGS
  • Astrocyte
  • Often not very well demarcated
  • *often pyriform lobe is involved
32
Q

Choroid plexus papillomas and carcinomas

A
  • Tumor within the ventricular system from choroid plexus
  • *finger like projections
33
Q

Oligodendrogliomas: cell of origin and demarcation

A
  • Oligodendrocyte
  • *usually well demarcated (looks like an “O”)
34
Q

Meningiomas: location and species

A
  • Most common intracranial tumor of CAT
  • *tumor on TOP of brain (not in the brain=compresses the brain)
  • **happens in ALL SPECIES
35
Q

What are some metastatic tumors to the brain? Where are they normally located?

A
  • Hematogenous
  • Mammary carcinomas
  • Hemangiosarcomas
  • Melanomas
  • *often found at WHITE GRAY MATTER JUCNTION: the vessels are smaller=tumor gets lodged
36
Q

What do all viral infections in the horse cause?

A
  • NON-SUPPURATIVE inflammation histologically
  • NO specific gross lesions
37
Q

Equine encephalomyelitis

A
  • Alpha virus: togaviridae
  • Mosquito transmitted
  • Grey matter is MOSTLY affected in brain and SC
38
Q

West Nile (horses)

A
  • Flavivirus Flaviviridae
  • Mosquito transmitted
  • Grey matter is primary affected (lower brain stem and ventral horns of the thoracolumbar SC)
39
Q

Equine herpesvirus-1: Myeloencephalopathy

A
  • EHV1
    o Also cause abortion, neonatal death and rhinopneumonitis (young animals)
  • Adults: mainly CNS
  • Ganglia affected in addition to grey and white matter for brain and SC
    o *either herpes or rabies
  • *vasculitis is common finding
40
Q

Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy

A
  • Axonal degeneration in white matter of SC (mainly) and brain (less affected)
  • YOUNG horses
  • NO compression lesions
  • Unknown cause: but could be related to Vit E deficiency
41
Q

Cholesterol granuloma (horses)

A
  • Seen mainly in HORSES
  • Concretions within ventricular system
  • Usually an incidental finding, but can cause hydrocephalus if obstruction occurs
42
Q

Listeria monocytogenes (ruminants)

A
  • Ruminant disease from silage
  • Lesions may NOT be visible grossly
  • **GROSS: medulla oblongata and pons
  • Histo: microabscesses
43
Q

What are the steps of Listeria moncytogenes in ruminants?

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. Trigeminal nerve
  3. Retrograde axonal transport
  4. Medulla oblongata
44
Q

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) (bovine)

A
  • Bovine disease
  • Cause: histophilus somni
  • 4 main lesions
    1. Neutrophilic vasculitis
    1. Thrombosis
    1. INFARCTION in multiple organs including the brain
45
Q

What are the 4 main lesions from histophilus somni in bovine?

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. Polyarthritis
  3. Myocarditis
  4. Meningocephalitis
46
Q

Bovine malignant catarrhal fever

A
  • Cattle, bison, deer
  • Cause is OVINE herpes-virus 2
  • *sheep are CARRIERS
  • Lymphocytic vasculitis in brain, SC and any organ
  • Brain gross lesion NOT always present
  • *may see erosions in GI (ORAL) with swollen lymph nodes and urinary bladder
  • *corneal edema
47
Q

Maedi-Visna

A
  • ADULT sheep disease
  • Cause: lentivirus
  • NON-suppurative encephalitis with primary demyelination
48
Q

What are the lesions/combo of lesions Maedi-Visna can cause?

A
  1. Interstitial pneumonia (maedi and ovine progressive pneumonia)
  2. Encephalomyelitis (visna of sheep)
  3. Arthritis
  4. Mastitis
49
Q

Caprine arthritis encephalitis

A
  • GOAT disease
  • CAE virus: lentivirus
  • *CNS lesions seen in YOUNGER ANIMALS (2-4 months of age)
  • *arthritis seen in adults that SURVIVE
50
Q

Polioencephalomalacia

A
  • Pilio: grey matter
  • Malacia: necrosis
  • RUMINANT DISEASE
  • *thin gyri (neuronal necrosis), widened sulci
  • *gray matter will fluoresce under light
  • Laminar cortical necrosis histologically
  • *sometimes responds to thiamine treatment
51
Q

What are the 4 causes of polioencephalomalacia in ruminants?

A
  1. Lead poisoning
  2. Salt toxicity or water deprivation
  3. High water sulfur
  4. Thiamin deficiency
52
Q

Copper deficiency

A
  • Sheep and goats affected (ruminants)
  • 2 syndromes
53
Q

What are the 2 syndromes from copper deficiency in sheep and goats?

A
  1. Swayback
  2. Enzootic ataxia
54
Q

Swayback: copper deficiency in sheep and goats

A
  • Congenital form
    o Brain and SC affected
    o Cavitation due to malacia
55
Q

Enzootic ataxia: copper deficiency in sheep and goats

A
  • Delayed form
  • Seen 6 months after birth
  • *only brains stem and SC affected
  • Need histology to see lesions
56
Q

Clostridium perfringens type D: species and lesions

A
  • Enterotoxemia in multiple spp
  • In sheep: neurological manifestations can be seen
  • *brain: BILATERAL SYMMETRIC HEMORRHAGE AND MALACIA OF BASAL NUCLEI AND THALAMUS
57
Q

Canine distemper

A
  • Morbillivirus
  • Multisystemic disease
  • BRAIN: non-suppurative inflammation
  • Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in NS
  • **PRIMARY DEMYELINATION (when oligodendrocytes are KILLED)
    o (secondary: due to loss of axons)
58
Q

Thiamin deficiency (dog and cats)

A
  • Thiamin: absolute dietary requirement
  • EAT FISH containing thiaminase or DIET DEFICIENT in thiamin
  • *gross and microscopic lesions: BILATERALLY SYMETRIC and commonly INVOLVE BRAINSTEM NUCLEI
    o Soft due to necrosis
59
Q

Reticulosis/granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME)

A
  • Smally to breed DOG
    o 1-6 years of age
    o Higher prevalence in females
  • Inflammatory disease of UNKNOWN etiology
  • BRAIN STEM is mainly affected
  • Optic form: optic nerve and retina are affected
60
Q

Feline infectious peritonitis

A
  • Feline coronavirus
  • Noneffusive form results in
    o Leptomeningitis
    o Chorioependymitis
    o Focal encephalomyelitis
  • **LOVES THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM
61
Q

Edema disease in PIGS

A
  • Growing, healthy feeder pigs (4-8 weeks)
  • Cause: E. coli producing Shiga-like toxin
  • *lesions are secondary to endothelial damage by toxin=EDEMA
  • *affects WHITE MATTER in the brain

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY 2 (8 decks)

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