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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY 2 > 2 - Nervous System II > Flashcards

2 - Nervous System II Flashcards

1
Q

Malformations of the CNS

A
  1. Meningoencephalocele and Cranium bifidum
  2. Meningomyelocele and Spina Bifida
  3. Lissencephaly
  4. Hydracephaly
  5. Cerebellar hypoplasia
  6. Hydrocephaly
  7. Hydromyelia
  8. Syringomyelia
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2
Q

Meningoencephalocele and Crainium Bifidium

A
  • When meninges and brain go OUTSIDE
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3
Q

Meningomyelocele and Spina Bifida

A
  • Failure of ‘bone’ to fuse
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4
Q

Lissencephaly

A
  • NO gyri
  • More common in Lhasa Apso
  • *prone to seizures
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5
Q

Hydraencephaly

A
  • Fluid filled brain cavities
  • *fluid replacing brain parenchyma
  • *if small cavity=porencephaly
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6
Q

What are the 3 reasons why hydraencephaly might occur?

A
  • Congenital malformation
  • In utero infections
  • Copper deficiency in ruminants
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7
Q

What causes cerebellar hypoplasia? Calves, kittens, puppies, piglets

A
  • Calves: pestivirus (BVD)
  • Kittens: panleukopenia virus
  • Puppies: canine parvovirus
  • Piglets: classic swine fever virus
  • *or CONGENITAL MALFORMATION
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8
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • Accumulation of CSF in ventricular system and/or subarachnoid space
  • *dilation which causes pressure ATROPHY of the brain
  • *2 types: internal and external AND communicating and non-communicating
  • *communicating is MOST common and MOST important
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9
Q

Internal hydrocephalus

A
  • If fluid accumulates in ventricular system
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10
Q

External hydrocephalus

A
  • If fluid accumulates in the sub-arachnoid system
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11
Q

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

A
  • Fluid accumulations is SECONDARY to obstruction (ex. mass)
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12
Q

Congenital hydrocephalus causes and type

A
  • Hereditary: brachycephalic dog breeds
  • In utero viral infections
  • *communicating hydrocephalus
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13
Q

Acquired hydrocephalus causes

A
  1. MAIN: Obstruction (non-communicating hydrocephalus)
    a. Ex. cholesterol granuloma in horses
  2. Loss of brain tissue (less common and less pronounced)
    a. Ex. polioencephalomalacia
    *usually older animals
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14
Q

Hydromyelia

A
  • Abnormal dilation of central canal of SC that leads to formation of a cavity in which CSF may accumulate
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15
Q

Syringomyelia

A
  • Fluid filled cyst within the SC separate from the central canal and NOT lined by ependymal cells
  • *outside central canal
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16
Q

Encephalitis

A
  • Inflammation of brain
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17
Q

Meningitis

A
  • Inflammation of meninges
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18
Q

Myelitis

A
  • Inflammation of spinal cord and meninges
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19
Q

Ganglioneuritis

A
  • Inflammation of the ganglia
  • Ex. certain viral diseases
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20
Q

Choroditis

A
  • Inflammation of choroid plexus
21
Q

What are the portals of entry into the CNS?

A
  • Direct extension
    o Inner ear
    o Nasal sinuses through cribriform plate or bones
  • Hematogenous
  • Retrograde axonal transport (ex. rabies and listeria)
22
Q

Brain abscesses

A
  • Uncommon
  • Caused by bacteria
    o Usually secondary to septicemia
  • Direction extension OR from the brain
  • Streptococcus, E. coli, Staphylococcus, Cornyebacterium, Klebsiella
23
Q

2 differentials for a calf with meningitis: causes

A
  • Streptococcus
  • E. coli
  • *secondary to septicemia from an umbilical cord infection
24
Q

What will you see if an animal has septicemia?

A
  • Petechial hemorrhages
  • Polyserositis (fibrin in multiple cavities)
  • Polyarthritis
  • *enlarged SPLEEN (CULTURE)
  • Pus in eye
  • *meningitis
25
Q

Meningitis and neonatal septicemia

A
  • Common, especially in neonates
  • Blood born infection OR caused by direct extension
26
Q

What do blood born infections in neonates cause?

A
  • Blood born infection
    *meningitis +/- encephalitis and lesions of septicaemia
27
Q

What does meningitis look like groosly?

A
  • *meninges appear cloudy and congested
  • may see PUS=accumulates below the cerebellum (VENTRAL ACCUMULATION)
28
Q

What are the bacteria that can cause meningitis?

A
  • E. coli
  • Streptococcus spp.
  • Salmonella spp.
  • Pasteurella spp.
  • Haemophilus spp.
29
Q

(neurotropic) Herpesvirus

A
  • Mainly enter CNS by RETROGRADE axonal transport
    o Can enter by hematogenous spread via viremia
  • Hide in neurons (ganglia) and lie their dormantly (viral latency)
  • *ganglioneuritis is ALWAYS present
30
Q

What causes ganlioneuritis?

A
  • Equine herpes virus 1
  • Bovine herepesvirus 1
  • Pseudorabies in pigs
31
Q

Rabies

A
  • Caused: lyssavirus
  • Zoonotic
  • Infection through biting
  • *reach brain via retrograde axoplasmic transport system
  • *NO GROSS LESIONS
  • GANGLIONEURITIS
32
Q

Rabies histologically

A
  • Ganglioneuritis
  • Non suppurative encephalitis +/- eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Negri bodies)
33
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans (ex. in cats)

A
  • Particular affinity for CNS
  • Enter leptomeninges and subarachnoid space by DIRECT extension through CRIBIFROM PLATE after a nasal or sinus infection OR hematogenously
  • Has a think mucinous capsule=protects organism from host defenses
    o *’soap bubble’ like lesions due to MUCIONOUS CAPSULE
34
Q

Other fungi infections

A
  • Coccidioides immitis
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • *reach brain by hematologic spread (usually from LUNG)
  • **produce granulomatous lesions everywhere
35
Q

Neospora and brain

A
  • Affinity for CNS
    o *CNS in utero: abortion
    o CNS after birth
  • DH=dog
36
Q

Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis

A
  • Sarcocysis neurona
  • Affects SC and brain stem: inflammation
37
Q

Toxoplasma

A
  • DH=cat
  • *multisysteminc infection +/- nervous system
  • Abortions
38
Q

What causes Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy (transient ischemic attacks)?

A
  • Aberrant cerebrospinal migration of Cuterebra larva after entry into the brain via nasal cavity
39
Q

What does feline ischemic encephalopathy look like grossly?

A
  • Unilateral NECROSIS of white and grey matter
40
Q

What does feline ischemic encephalopathy look like on histo?

A
  • Vasculitis
  • Thrombosis
  • ischemia
  • INFARCTION
41
Q

Coenurus cerebralis (cestode) in brain

A
  • Larval form of dog tapeworm (multiceps multiceps)
  • *most commonly infests sheep (occasionally other ruminants)
  • **form cyst in brain
42
Q

What causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?

A
  • PRIONS (proteinaceous infectious organism)
    o Miss folded protein and becomes resistant to degradation
    o Present in neurons and is infectious
  • *disease transmission has only been achieved by inoculation of brain extracts from infected animals NOT just misfolded-PrP
43
Q

TSE in sheep

A
  • Scrapie
44
Q

TSE in bovine

A
  • BSE
45
Q

TSE in feline

A
  • FSE
46
Q

TSE in deer (mule, elk, black-tailed, white-tailed)

A
  • Chronic wasting disease
47
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy: steps

A
  1. Acute and chronic liver failure and hepatic atrophy associated with congenital or acquired vascular shunts
  2. Veery high blood AMMONIA (toxic to brain!)
  3. Hepatic encephalopathy
48
Q

What are the 2 types of hepatic encephalopathy seen histologically (except in horse, only one)

A
  1. Alzheimer’s type II astrocytes
  2. Spongy change (vacuolation at grey and white matter junction): NOT IN HORSES
49
Q

Radiculoneuritis

A
  • Inflammation of nerve roots of SC
  • Ex. cauda equina

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY 2 (8 decks)

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