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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY 2 > 1 – Female Reproduction > Flashcards

1 – Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is obstetrics?

A
  • Study of vet med involving pregnancy, birth, and post-partum period
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2
Q

What is gynecology?

A
  • Study of vet med involving female reproductive system and breast/mammary gland
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3
Q

What is andrology?

A
  • Study of vet med involving the male reproductive system which often overlaps with the urinary system
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4
Q

Genitalia

A
  • Internal and external organs concerned with reproduction
    o Only external=vulva
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5
Q

*What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A
  • Produce viable ova
  • Promote fertilization of ova
  • Carry conceptus or conceptuses to term
  • Delivery (expel) fetus or fetuses through birth canal
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6
Q

What are the 3 sequential stages of sexual development?

A
  • Chromosomal sex
  • Gonadal sex
  • Phenotypic sex
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7
Q

What are some of the genes that drive sexual development?

A
  • SRY: ‘maleness’ on Y chromosomes
  • DAX1 gene on X chromosomes
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8
Q

Before sexual differentiation the embryo has a bipotential gonad and 2 sets of ducts

A
  1. Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts
    a. Disappears in embryo w/o a SRY gene
    b. Testosterone promotes development
  2. Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
    a. Form female tubular genitalia in embryo w/o SRY gene
    b. Mullerian inhibition from testes=regression
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9
Q

DAX1 gene present on X chromosome

A
  • Responsible for production of a nuclear receptor that plays a role in normal development of ovaries and testes (hormone producing tissues)
  • Expression during development=development of ovaries
  • Down regulation=development of testes
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10
Q

How can developmental disorders of sexual development (DSD) be categorized?

A
  • Abnormal or atypical
    o Chromosomal sex
    o Gonadal sex
    o Phenotypic sex
  • Individuals with DSD=INTERSEX
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11
Q

What 2 categories can DSD involving chromosomal abnormalities be divided into?

A
  1. Abnormal structure of sex chromosome
  2. Abnormal or atypical number of sex chromosomes
    *often associated with abnormal sexual phenotype and infertility
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12
Q

Examples of DSD involving abnormalities with chromosomal sex in HUMANS

A
  • Turner’s syndrome: only one X chromosome
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome: XXY
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13
Q

What is the most common example of abnormality in chromosomal sex in animals

A
  • Freemartins
    o Most often in cattle
    o Results from 2 or more sets of cells that have different chromosomes (b/c from different animals) present in the same animal
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14
Q

What must there be for freemartinism to occur?

A
  • Placental vascular ANASTOMOSES between twin fetuses of DIFFERENT sexes
    o Allows for mixing of hematopoietic cells early in gestation
    o Partial expression of genes on male fetus Y chromosome within female fetus impedes development of ovaries (and external genitalia)
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15
Q

What happens to the female as a result of freemartinism?

A
  • Abnormally developed internal genital
  • Hypoplastic, vagina, vestibule and vulva
  • *male is minimally affected
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16
Q

DSD involving abnormalities in gonadal sex

A
  • XX: present in genetically female individuals, but so called ambiguous phenotypes
  • *have some form of GONADAL DYSGENESIS
    o Rudimentary gonads
     1 testis and 1 ovary
     1 gonad with mixed tissues (OVOTESTIS)
  • *called INTERSEX
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17
Q

DSD involving abnormalities in phenotypic sex

A
  • Have normal numbers of sex chromosomes and only one type of gonadal tissue
  • *but genitalia has developed in way that causes MALE-FEMALE AMBIGUITY
  • Ex. XY genetically male individual with female phenotype
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18
Q

Example of XY DSD genetically male individual with female phenotype

A
  • Abnormalities develop due to INAPPROPRIATE GONADAL DEVELOPMENT that results in a female phenotype
  • *can also be classified by presence or absence of SRY gene
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19
Q

What are some developmental abnormalities of the ovaries?

A
  • Aplasia
  • Hypoplasia
  • Duplication
  • Ovarian and paraovarian cysts
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20
Q

Aplasia of ovary

A
  • One or both or entire reproductive tract
    o If both=fail to form reproductive tract and remains INFANTILE
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21
Q

Hypoplasia of ovary

A
  • Mostly in cows
  • Usually bilateral (may not be symmetric) but can be unilateral
    o If both=INFANTILE
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22
Q

What are some known causes of ovarian hypoplasia?

A
  • Females with abnormal number of X chromosomes (ex. DSD X_ or XXX)
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23
Q

Duplication of ovary

A
  • RARE
  • May represent true duplication of developing ovary or splitting of an ovary
  • *may cause OVARIAN REMNANT SYNDROME
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24
Q

What is ovarian remnant syndrome?

A
  • Incompletely spayed cats and dogs go through estrus
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25
Q

Ovarian (in) and parovarian (around) cysts

A
  • Common
  • Several origins
  • No clinical importance or might be associated with abnormal estrous cycles or infertility
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26
Q

What is oophoritis?

A
  • Inflammation of ovary
  • Rare and of little clinical importance
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27
Q

Ovarian neoplasia occurrence

A
  • Rarely occurs
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28
Q

What may ovarian neoplasia’s arise from?

A
  • Germ cells (produce gametes)
  • Sex cord cells (form granulosa and thecal cells)
  • Stromal cells
  • Epithelial cells
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29
Q

What are the 2 examples of germ cell ovarian neoplasia?

A
  • Dysgerminomas
  • Teratomas
30
Q

Dysgerminomas

A
  • Usually malignant, rarely metastasize
  • Analogous to seminomas in males
31
Q

Teratomas

A
  • Benign
  • Contain cells or tissue of at least 2 of 3 embryonic germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
  • Skin and adnexa are often present
32
Q

What is the most common (although rare) ovarian tumor in domestic animals?

A
  • Sex cord-stromal cell tumors
    o When sex cords and stromal cells combine to form a tumor
33
Q

Sex cord-stromal cell tumors

A
  • Have potential to produce and secrete hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, inhibin)
  • Can be associated with a variety of ABNORMAL REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOURS (ex. persistent anestrus, irregular estrus)
34
Q

What are the terms used to describe the microscopic appearance of sex cord-stromal cell tumors?

A
  • Granulosa cell tumors
  • Granulosa-theca cell tumors
  • Thecomas
  • Luteomas
35
Q

Where can epithelial tumors of the ovary arise from?

A
  • Surface epithelium
  • Rete ovarii (forms from primary sex cords in females)
  • *form adenomas or carcinomas
  • *papillary and cystic
36
Q

What are the abnormalities seen with uterine tubes?

A
  • Obstruction
  • Ex. Segmental aplasia
  • Ex. salpingitis
  • *can result in distension of uterine tube with clear fluid=HYDROSALPINX
37
Q

Salpingitis

A
  • Results in obstruction due to formation of ADHESIONS AND FIBROSIS
  • Can also lead to pyosalpinx
38
Q

Salpingitis is rare, but when it does occur, what is associated with?

A
  • Bacterial endometritis, metritis or pyometra
39
Q

What are some developmental abnormalities of the uterus and cervix?

A
  • Uterus: variety described, none common
  • *Cervix: double external cervical os=infrequent but regular encounter in CATTLE
    o 2 cervical canals within the same cervix or a bifurcated cervical canal
    o Can cause problems with PARTURITION
40
Q

What are the 2 ways that organisms that cause inflammation in the uterus can enter? (most often)

A
  • Via the vulva (ASCENDING INFECTION)
  • Via blood (HEMATOGENOUSLY)
41
Q

Generally, when do ascending infections of the uterus occur?

A
  • When cervix is OPEN
    o Estrus
    o Breeding
    o Parturition
42
Q

Generally, when do hematogenous infections of the uterus occur?

A
  • Pregnancy (cervix is CLOSED)
43
Q

When are infections of the uterus more easily cleared?

A
  • During estrus
44
Q

Why are infections of the uterus more easily cleared DURING estrus?

A
  • Better drainage through open cervix
  • Increased number of neutrophils
  • Increased neutrophil activity
45
Q

How does estrogen and progesterone influence the migration of neutrophils to the uterus and phagocytosis by neutrophils?

A
  • Estrogen=increased
  • Testosterone=decreased
46
Q

When is the uterus most susceptible to infection?

A
  • Diestrus
  • Pregnancy
47
Q

In bitch and queen, what are most cases of pyometra a result of?

A
  • Bacterial infection secondary to endometrial hyperplasia
48
Q

Pyometra

A
  • Sequel to endometritis or metritis in which there is accumulation of PUS IN UTERINE LUMEN due to closed or mostly closed cervix
49
Q

What are the non-inflammatory lesions of the uterus and cervix?

A
  • Torsion
  • Prolapse
  • Subinvolution of placental sites
  • Endometrial hyperplasia
  • Hydrometra and mucometra
50
Q

When does torsion of uterus most commonly occur?

A
  • When enlarged by
    o Pregnancy
    o Pyometra
    o Mucometra
51
Q

What is the sequela of uterine torsion?

A
  • Circulatory compromise
  • Death of any fetuses present
  • Edema
  • Congestion
  • Necrosis of affected portions of uterus
    o Susceptible to rupture
52
Q

Uterine prolapse

A
  • Protrusion of uterine body and 1 or both horns through the cervix
  • Can occur following parturition in all species especially if complicated
    o Dystocia
    o Assisted delivery
    o Retained placenta
  • *MORE common in ungulate farm animals (ex. cow, ewe, sow)
53
Q

Subinvolution of placental sites

A
  • ONLY IN DOGS
  • *persistence of trophoblasts in uterus beyond normal 12 weeks following parturition (FAILURE OF NORMAL INVOLUTION)
  • UNKNOWN cause
54
Q

Trophoblasts function/role

A
  • Attach embryo to uterus
  • Help nourish blastocyst
  • Form outer layers of placenta
55
Q

What does subinvolution of placental sites present as clinically?

A
  • Bloody vaginal discharge for longer than normal (ex. several weeks to months following parturition)
  • *WHELPING
56
Q

What does subinvolution of placental sites look like GROSSLY?

A
  • Presence of ANNULAR BANDS of thickening and roughening of uterine mucosa
    o These correspond to some or all placental sites
    o TWICE AS THICK as normal for the given stage of involution
57
Q

Subinvolution of placental sites microscopically

A
  • Trophoblasts in deep aspects of myometrium associated with
    o Necrosis
    o Hemorrhage
    o Occasionally: Perforation of uterus and peritonitis
58
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia: what does it occur in and what is the cause?

A
  • Occurs in all domestic mammals, except DOGS
  • Due to prolonged hyperestrogenism
59
Q

What can prolonged hyperestrogenism be due to causing endometrial hyperplasia?

A
  • Endogenous
    o Cystic follicles or granulosa cell tumors
  • Exogenous
    o Estrogen-like chemicals in plants or mycotoxins
60
Q

What does estrogen induce in animals and what is progesterone’s role? When do the changes reverse?

A
  • Increase in endometrial gland length
  • Progesterone: endometrial glands undergo further hyperplasia and hypertrophy=become convoluted
  • Changes REVERSE when progesterone levels decline
61
Q

What occurs in DOGS if there is a source of irritation or inflammation within the uterus (Ex. bacteria)?

A
  • Uterus undergoes hyperplasia like in PREGNANCY
  • *cystic endometrial hyperplasia
62
Q

What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A
  • IN DOGS
  • Exaggerated or inappropriate response resulting in formation of:
    o CYSTS WITHIN HYPERPLASTIC GLANDS
    o Accumulation of fluid within both glands and uterine lumen=great media for bacterial growth and inflammation=endometritis and pyometra
  • Unknown why it happens in some and not others
63
Q

What are the 2 reasons hydrometra and mucometra occur?

A
  1. Obstruction of normal outflow
  2. Increased secretory activity of endometrial glands while cervis is closed
64
Q

Neoplasia of uterus and cervix: examples

A
  • Not common
    1. Carcinoma in cows at slaughter
    1. Leiomyoma (fibroids) of bitch
    1. Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) in cows with enzootic bovine leukosis
65
Q

Carcinoma in cows at slaughter

A
  • In endometrium of older cows
  • Associated with marked desmoplastic or scirrhous reaction
  • Metastasis to regional lymph nodes and lungs is common
  • Transcoelmic implantation may occur
66
Q

Leiomyoma of bitch

A
  • Uterus, cervix and vagina
  • *fibroids=grow and become hard
  • Vary in size
    o Confined within wall OR form pedunculated masses that are susceptible to trauma and hemorrhage
67
Q

What are leiomyomas often present concurrently with? What is though to stimulate the tumors development?

A
  • Endometrial hyperplasia
  • Follicular cysts
  • Mammary neoplasms
  • *estrogens
68
Q

Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) in cow

A
  • Part of enzoonotic bovine leukosis/lymphoma
  • *affects heart, abomasum, lymph nodes, uterus
69
Q

What causes enzootic bovine leukosis/lymphoma?

A
  • Bovine leukemia virus (oncovirus in retrovirus family)
70
Q

What age category does enzootic bovine leukosis/lymphoma occur?

A
  • Mature animals (4-8 years old)
71
Q

What age category does sporadic bovine leukosis tend to occur in?

A
  • Animals under 3 years
  • Cause of the different forms (calf, thymic, cutaneous) is NOT KNOWN
72
Q

What are the 2 important diseases in rabbits?

A
  • P. multocida: SNUFFLES
  • Uterine adenocarcinomas

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY 2 (8 decks)

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