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Kerri's Part 1 Biomed Slides > 3. Muscular System > Flashcards

3. Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

List FOUR of the functions of the muscular system.

A
  1. Posture
  2. Movement – as a result of muscular contraction
  3. Heat Production - Shivering
  4. Storing of glycogen and oxygen
  5. Movement of substances through the body.
    - The heart muscle pumps blood
    - Sphincter to prevent outflow
    - Smooth muscles moves food through the digestive tract
    - Diaphgram for breating – moving air into lungs
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2
Q

Explain the difference between ‘striated’ and ‘non-striated’ muscle.

A

Striated muscle cells are aligned in parallel bundles and look to be in lines under a microscope. Very uniform. Very aligned. They work together to create specific movements such as a bicep curl. More control than non striated muscle cells so skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated.

Non striated cells are randomly arranged. Smooth muscle is non striated. Better for more unusual and less predictable patterns.

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3
Q

Describe the following muscle properties:

a. Contractility
b. Excitability
c. Extensibility
d. Elasticity

A

a. Contractility – Muscles shorthen

b. Excitability – respond to nerve impulses. Conduct electrical current in order to contract

c. Extensibility – lengthening of the muscle. Stretch without damage.

d. Elasticity – after extending or contracting they return to their original length

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4
Q

Name the three muscle types.

With regards to each muscle type state whether:
Striated/Non Striated
Voluntary/Involuntary
Location in body

A

Skeletal: Striated; voluntary; between bones

Cardiac: Striated, involuntary; heart

Smooth: Non striated; involuntary; walls of blood vessels, gut, iris

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4
Q

List TWO functions of skeletal muscle.

A

Couldn’t walk, run, speak or breathe without skeletal muscles.
1. Movement through contraction and extension
2. Posture
3. Speech
4. Breathing

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5
Q

Explain the role of ‘fascia’.

A

Dense connective tissue outside of the muscle that coats it, like clingfilm.

Organises the muscle, secures it to the skin and provides stability.

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6
Q

What are myocytes?

A

The smallest muscle unit – a single muscle cell

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7
Q

Skeletal muscles

How many skeletal muscles are in the body?

A

640

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8
Q

Skeletal muscles:

Describe the function of each of these skeletal muscle cell components:

Sarcolemma:
Transverse tubules:
Myoplasm:
Sarcoplasmic reticulum:
Myoglobin:

A

Sarcolemma: Membrane of the muscle cell

Transverse tubules: Tubes extending from cell membrane into muscle cells

Myoplasm: Muscle cell cytoplasm so everything in between the nucleus membrane and the sarcolemma

Sarcoplasmic reticulum: Stores calcium and surrounds myofibrils

Myoglobin: Red coloured iron and oxygen binding molecule. Equivalent to Haemoglobin he the blood.

  • Myofibrils are long contractile fibres, groups of which run parallel to each other on the long axis of the myocytes
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9
Q

Skeletal muscles:

Explain why mitochondria are located close to myoglobin in skeletal muscle cells.

A

The muscles need a constant supply of oxygenated blood. They need lots of energy in the form of ATP and this is produced by mitochondria

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10
Q

Skeletal muscles:

Why are we born with a set number of skeletal muscle cells?

A

Mature skeletal muscles are formed from the fusion of muscle cells called myoblasts. Once fused they cannot undergo mitosis and therefore the number is set at birth which is the time of their maturity.

Skeletal muscle cells grow bigger but they do not replicate.

However satellite cells do have limited regenerative capacity.

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11
Q

Skeletal muscles:

Define ‘myofibrils’.

A

Myofibrils extend in parallel columns along the length of striated muscle fibres.

The myofibrils are made up of thick and thin myofilaments, which help give the muscle its striped appearance. The thick filaments are composed of myosin, and the thin filaments are predominantly actin.

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12
Q

Skeletal muscles:

Name the TWO myofilaments which make up myofibrils.

A

Actin – thin filaments
Myosin - thick golf club shaped filament

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13
Q

Skeletal muscles:

Explain what is meant by ‘sarcomeres’.

A

A sarcomere is the basic unit of a striated muscle.

When a muscle contracts, the two myofilaments actin and myosin slide over each other and overlap in the A band of the sarcomere

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14
Q

Skeletal muscles:

With regard to sarcomeres, state if each zone, band or disc contains actin, myosin or both myofilaments

A

H Zone: Myosin only
A Band: Both
I Band: Actin only
Z Disc: Actin

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15
Q

Skeletal muscles:

Define the following in relation to connective tissue:

a. Endomysium

b. Perimysium

c. Epimysium

A

Endo - inside/within
Peri - around
Epi - on top

a. Endomysium – Delicate connective tissue which surrounds individual muscle fibres

b. Perimysium – The sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres.

c. Epimysium – Ensheaths the entire muscle and attaches the muscle to fascia and to the bone

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16
Q

Skeletal muscles:

What is the neuromuscular junction and which neurotransmitter is stored in the motor neuron synaptic bulb ending?

A

Any skeletal muscle in the body requires a nerve impulse arriving at the neuromuscular junction for it to contract.

The NMJ is the meeting point where the nerve ending, which is called the synaptic end bulb, meets a muscle fibre. When the nerve impulse comes down the nerve and arrives at the NMJ it allows the skeletal muscle to contract.

At the synaptic end bulb there are vesicles that store a transmitter called Acetylcholine.(ACT)

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17
Q

Skeletal muscles:

What influences the strength of muscle contraction at the NMJ?

A

The number of neurons and the frequency of impulses. More neurons amd more frequency leads to stronger contractions

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18
Q

Skeletal

What is the motor end plate?

A

It is where the nerve endings of the motor neurons terminate in tiny pads on the muscle fibre.

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19
Q

Skeletal muscles:

Describe specifically what happens in the following two processes:

a. Sliding filament: Contraction

b. Sliding filament: Relaxation

A

a. Sliding filament: Contraction

The nerve impulse arrives along the NMJ. It spreads along the sarcolemma, and the transverse tubules into the muscle cell and releases calcium which has been stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Calcium and ATP cause the myosin head to bind to the actin filament next to it. As the actin and myosin bind, this movement causes the filaments to slide over each other and shorten the fibre.

b. Sliding filament: Relaxation

When the nerve stimulation stops we use magnesium and ATP to break the actin and myosin bond. Calcium is pumped back into storage and actin and myosin go back to their starting position before the contraction, lengthening the fibre again.

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20
Q

Skeletal muscles:

Name FOUR minerals essential for effective muscle activity.

A

Calcium for contraction
Magnesium for relaxation
Sodium and Potassium to allow the muscle to receive the nerve signal

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21
Q

Skeletal muscles:

List TWO hormones that promote muscle hypertrophy.

A

Growth hormone
Testosterone
Thyroid Hormones

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22
Q

Skeletal muscles:

Why is protein required to support hypertrophy during strength training?

A

To repair muscles tissue breakdown which can occur during strength training

To support muscle hypertrophy. The more actin and myosin, which are proteins, the more muscle growth.

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23
Q

Why do muscles require higher levels of ATP?

A

Muscles use a lot of energy and therefore require a lot of ATP.

It is why mitochondria, which produce ATP, are situated close to myoglobin in skeletal muscle cells.

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24
Q

Describe the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic respiration is with oxygen

Oxygen + Glucose = Carbon Dioxide + water + Energy

Uses Oxygen and glucose (or fats and proteins). The output is 38 ATP but we use up two in the reaction so 36 available.

Anaerobic respiration is without Oxygen.

It uses glucose to produce 2 ATP.

Glucose = Lactic acid + energy

Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration.

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25
Q

Which type of respiration generates more ATP?

A

Aerobic @ 36 net
Anaerobic - 2

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26
Q

Which type of activity is more suitable with anaerobic respiration?

A

When the body has used up its capacity of aerobic respiration . For example with exercise

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27
Q

Why can anaerobic respiration lead to muscle fatigue

A

Through the process of glycolysis is releases a by product called lactic acid which lowers muscle PH that leads to fatigue.

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28
Q

What are the two types of skeletal muscle and what are they used for?

A

Skeletal muscle fibres can be categorised into red and white. The colour of the muscle reflects its content and functions.

White is for fast and strenuous work and fatigues quickly.

Red is designed for sustained activity with no fatigue. For endurance

29
Q

Skeletal muscles:

What is the difference between white muscle fibres and red muscle fibres?

A

White muscle fibres
Myoglobin content: Low therefore white as less oxygen needed
Diameter of fibre: Large
Respiration: Anaerobic

Red muscle fibres:
Myoglobin content: High therefore red as more oxygen needed
Diameter of fibre: Small
Respiration: Aerobic

30
Q

Name the three categories of skeltal muscle and their differences in terms of:

Diameter:
Colour:
Myoglobin content:
Mitochondria content:
Activity type:

A

**Slow oxidative: **
Diameter: Small
Myoglobin content: High
Mitochondria content: High
Activity type: Endurance

Fast oxidative:
Diameter: Intermediate
Colour: Pink
Myoglobin content: Middle
Mitochondria content: Middle
Activity type: in between

Fast glycolytic:
Diameter: Large
Colour: White
Myoglobin content: Low
Mitochondria content: Low
Activity type: Strength training

31
Q

How do the following types of exercise affect muscle fibre?

a. Endurance training
b. Strength training

A

a. Endurance training – More Slow oxidative muscle fibres

b. Strength training – More fast glycolic muscle fibres

32
Q

What is creatine phosphate and why is it important?

A

Creatine phosphate is a protein molecule unique to muscles and is a form of energy storage. It provides a small but ready source of energy during the first 15 seconds of contraction.

In a 100 metre sprint you will be mostly burning off creatine phosphate as the primary source of energy.

Creatinine is a by product from the breakdown of creatine phosphate. It is a waste product.

33
Q

Name 5 muscles of the face and head and what they do

A

Occipitofrontalis: Runs from the occiput at the back of the head to the forehead – raises eyebrows

Orbicularis oculi: Around the eye - close eyes and squint

Orbicularis ori: Around the mouth - kiss and pout

Masseter: Jaw – mastication

Temporalis: Jaw – mastication

34
Q

Name three muscles of the neck and shoulder and describe what they do:

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid muscle:
    Sternum + clavicle + mastoid behind ear
    Runs down the side of the neck to the clavicle. For turning and tilting of head
  2. Trapezius muscle – Pulls head back. Allows shoulder shrugging and shoulder retraction
  3. Deltoid - movement of the deltoid is dependent on which part of the deltoid it is.
    - Anterior: to get something out of a high cupboard
    - Middle: to left arm out to the side
    - Posterior: to extend arm behind
35
Q

Describe the difference between ‘biceps brachii’ and ‘triceps brachii’.

A
  • Biceps brachii - flexion (bending) and supination (external rotation) of forearm. Stabilises shoulder.
  • Triceps brachii flexion and extension of elbow
36
Q

Which skeletal muscle is responsible for hip flexor?

A

Psoas – pulls the thigh towards the body

37
Q

Focusing on anterior arm muscles…

Describe the difference between ‘biceps brachii’ and ‘triceps brachii. (note: triceps are posterior)

Explain wrist extensors and flexors are?

What is the muscle that goes over the top of the shoulder and is attached to the arm?

A

Describe the difference between ‘biceps brachii’ and ‘triceps brachii.

  • Biceps brachii - it is a double muscle that extends through the arm. It stabilises shoulder. It is for flexion (bending elbow) and supination (external rotation) of forearm.
  • Triceps brachii flexion and extension of elbow

Explain wrist extensors and flexors are?
- Extensor forearm muscles on the lateral side of the lower arm when in the anatomical position. Outside
- Flexor forearm on the medial side of the lower arm when in the anatomical position. Inside

What is the muscle that goes over the top of the shoulder and is attached to the arm?
Deltoid

38
Q

Name four anterior leg muscles…

LOOK this up

A

Quadriceps – to extend the knee

Rectus Femoris – to extend the knee

Adductors - Inner portion of the thigh. Help to draw the thigh in

Tibialis anterior – Associated with the tibia bone. Helps with dorsiflexion of the angle.

39
Q

Name for posterior leg muscles

A

Gluteus maximus – extension of hip
Hamstring – 3 main muscles make up the hamstrings. Bend knees
Gastrocnemius – deeper in the calf than soleus but do the same thing
Soleus

40
Q

Describe the function of the hamstring.

A

Bends and flexes the knee

41
Q

Which muscle is responsible for external rotation, abduction extension of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus Maximus - large buttock muscle

42
Q

Which skeletal muscle is responsible for squeezing the thighs together?

A

Thigh Abductors

43
Q

Name and describe 4 major back muscles

A

Trapezius muscle – Pulls head back. Allows shoulder shrugging and shoulder retraction. (slightly anterior but mostly posterior). Triangle shaped.

Erector Spinae – keep upright and extend the spine

Latissimus dorsi – really broad muscle spanning the back (what I am trying to strengthen with Ben)

Quadratus Lumborum - Key muscle in the lower back. Contract on one side to bend sideways. Contract on both sides to extend spine

44
Q

Describe the main role of tendons.

A

A form of connective tissue that attaches the skeletal muscles to the periosteum of bone. Act as a bridge between the muscle belly and the bone.

44
Q

Muscles can be prime movers, antagonists, synergists and fixators depending on the movement. What does this mean and give examples?

A

Most skeletal muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs over a joint. For example biceps and triceps.

Depending on the movement one muscle is a prime mover (bicep) while the other is the antagonist (tricep)

A synergist assists the prime mover in its action. For example when flexing the elbow, brachialis helps the bicep (prime mover) by pulling the ulnar towards the humerus

A** fixator **is a muscle that keeps the origin bones stable while a prime mover contracts. For example flexing your knee without moving your hip

45
Q

In relation to cardiac muscle, indicate which of the following statements are true or false:

a. Cardiac muscle requires anaerobic respiration
b. Cardiac muscle can use lactic acid to produce ATP
c. Cardiac muscle requires the peripheral nervous system to set its rate

A

a. Cardiac muscle requires anaerobic respiration - F

b. Cardiac muscle can use lactic acid to produce ATP - T (last resort)

c. Cardiac muscle requires the peripheral nervous system to set its rate – F it is autorhythmic

46
Q

In relation to smooth muscle indicate which of the following statements are true or false:

a. Smooth muscle is under involuntary control
b. Smooth muscle is located in walls of blood vessels
c. Smooth muscle contracts in relation to light
d. Smooth muscle contains striated filaments
e. Filaments are attached to dense bodies and are similar to Z discs in cardiac muscle
f. During smooth muscle contraction, dense bodies are pulled closer together by the filaments causing the muscle to lengthen and twist like a corkscrew
g. Smooth muscle cells do not contain a nucleus

A

a. Smooth muscle is under involuntary control - T
b. Smooth muscle is located in walls of blood vessels - T
c. Smooth muscle contracts in relation to light – T (Iris)
d. Smooth muscle contains striated filaments - F
e. Filaments are attached to dense bodies and are similar to Z discs in cardiac muscle - T
f. During smooth muscle contraction, dense bodies are pulled closer together by the filaments causing the muscle to lengthen and twist like a corkscrew - T
g. Smooth muscle cells do not contain a nucleus - F

47
Q

Describe what is meant by the ‘stress relaxation response’.

A

Smooth muscle allow organs such as the stomach and bladder to expand when filled, causing a contraction in order to carry contents

48
Q

Describe the following muscle type’s ability to regenerate:

a. Cardiac muscle

b. Smooth muscle

c. Skeletal muscle

A

a. Cardiac muscle

Post heart attack we can get tissue remodelling by fibroblasts (scarring) which lay down connective tissue/collagen.

Did not think that cardiac muscle could produce new cells but a recent discovery is that stem cells in the endothelium can undergo division and produce new cells

Hypertrophy (which can be due to fitness or heart diaease)

b. Smooth muscle

Can increase in number - Hyperplasia

Regeneration can occur from stem cells in blood vessels.

c. Skeletal muscle

– No division
- butsatellite cells have the functions of muscle fiber maintenance, repair and remodeling and have a limited capacity to repair if damage not great.

49
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of muscle fatigue.

A

When we have a depletion of metabolic reserve,cell respiration becomes anaerobic. A by product of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid which can cause pain.

Depletion can be through overuse or underuse!

Muscle fibres can fatigue if overused. It is common in sports and occupational overuse (imagine a house painter).

Fatigue can occur from sedentary work such as sitting at a desk, poor breathing, poor posture and lack of exercise. It is essential to move and stretch our muscles in order for them to receive what they need.

50
Q

List TWO causes of muscle fatigue.

A

Poor posture
Exercise

51
Q

Describe the pathology called muscle shortening.

A

When muscles contract they shorten.

If a muscle is continuously contracted, the actin-myosin filaments remain attached and shortens the muscles.

This causes muscle fatigue and places a strain on skeletal muscle attachments which can lead to pain.

Always consider whether there is sufficient m**agnesium in the body in this situation as magnesium i sneed to release muscles.

52
Q

Describe the key differences between ‘muscle strain’ and ‘tear’.

A

Muscle strain

  • Overstretching actin and myofilament structures when a joint is forces beyond its normal range
  • The muscle remains whole and blood supply intact which permits healing

Muscle tear

More likely to cause bruising
More significant an injury peventing complete healing, can lead to scar tissue (fibrosis) and loss of functionality in that muscle.
**A tear is suggested of movement is not possible **

53
Q

Describe what happens in impingement syndrome.

A

Shoulder condition in which structures in the shoulder become impinged or trapped and also painful with certain movements.

specifically abduction of the shoulder between 60 degrees and 120 degrees.

Rotator cuff tendons and/or bursa become inflamed or damaged.

When you abduct your shoulder the humerus would normally manoeuvre itself out of the sub-acromial space to prevent impingment but because it is inflamed it meets inflamed tissue and creates pain.

54
Q

List THREE causes of impingement syndrome.

A
  • Overuse
  • Increasing age leading to poor blood supply and degeneration of tendons
  • Positional fault – head of the humerus does not sit well in the socket
  • Bone spurs taking up space in the acromion region
  • Odd sized acromion leading to reduced space for movement
55
Q

List TWO signs / symptoms of impingement syndrome.

A
  • Painful arc of movement between 60 and 120 degrees
  • Painful when abducting the shoulder or rotating - Back pocket test/bra text
  • Shoulder ache in early stages
  • Catching sensation in lower arm
56
Q

Describe the role of the muscle ‘soleus’.

A

It is in the back of your lower leg in the calf and responsible for plantar flexion at the ankle (movement of the foot in a downward motion - tippy toes)

56
Q

Explain why reaching into the back pocket would create pain in impingement syndrome.

A

Suggests problems when abducting and rotating as this movement requires this. Also doing up and undoing a bra has same effect.

57
Q

Using definitions, describe the difference between impingement syndrome and fibromyalgia.

A

Impingement Syndrome:
* A shoulder condition in which movements in the shoulder can be painful or limited.
* Associated with inflammation of the rotator cuff tendons and/or bursa. Localised to the shoulder and arm

Fibromyalgia
* A chronic pain disorder, heavily associated with widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue.
* Systemic as opposed to localised.
* Due to abnormalities in the pain processing centre of the central nervous syste. Pain is perceived in an excessive way and pain is amplified as a result.

58
Q

Name TWO synaptic substances that increase / amplify pain in fibromyalgia.

A
  • High levels of substance P are found in synapses and makes nerves more sensitised to pain
  • Excess post synaptic nitric oxide production also causes the snaps to amplify pain signals.
59
Q

How might you diagnosis fibromyalgia?

A

It is difficult to diagnose fibromyalgia. Usually we do an ‘exclusion diagnosis’ where if a biopsy is normal and electrical muscle tests are normal it might suggest fibromyalgia.

If there is excess pain on palpitation on at least 11 of the 18 predefined anatomical points fibromyalgia is diagnosed.

60
Q

List FOUR causes of fibromyalgia.

A
  • Poor mitochondrial functioning due to free radical damage and therefore lack of energy production
  • Altered stress response - excess cortisol and adrenal gland fatigue and depletion perhaps due to chronic stress
  • Chronic stress can also have an effect on muscles. Constant contraction/tightening/tension leading to muscle fatigue.
  • Post viral overload
  • Chronic toxic overload - heavy metals, chemicals
  • Poor gut health
  • Neurotransmitter Serotonin and noradrenaline deficiencies
  • Sleep dysregulation - fatigue leading to increased pain and decreased activity.
61
Q

Name TWO signs / symptoms of fibromyalgia.

A
  • Debilitating fatigue
  • Oversensitivity to pain - pain that results from general pressure
  • Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain and almost always the back
  • Feeling of swollen joints (when they do not look swollen)
  • Headaches
  • Severely disturbed sleep.
  • IBS symptoms
  • Numbness, tingling and weakness
  • Anxiety and depression
62
Q

What do we mean by central sensitization when it comes to fibromyalgia?

A

This is when the central nervous system misinterprets the incoming signals from our body and amplifies them. The incoming stimuli and input such as light touch and temperature would normally be perceived as such but in this case the brain can amplify that and convert that feeling of touch into a feeling of pain.

So alterations occur in pain processing in the spinal cord and brain.

In the synapsis of the central nervous system there are certain chemicals released that make this pain experience more severe. This is called substance P. It makes the nerves more sensitised to pain.

Furthermore we can have excess nitric oxide in the postsynaptic nerve which causes the synapses to further amplify pain signals.

63
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis.

A

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease attacking the neuromuscular junction, characterised by fluctuation muscle fatigue and weakness.

The neuromuscular junction bridges the gap between the neuron [nerve ending] and the muscle and the nerve ending releases a chemical called acetylcholine which travels across the muscle causing it to contract.

Antibodies block acetalylcholine receptors preventing the nerve impulse from being sent to the muscle fibres. The muscle becomes progressively weaker.

64
Q

List TWO signs / symptoms of myasthenia gravis.

A
  • Weakness of eye (ocular) muscles; double vision and drooping( ptosis)
  • Weakness in facial expressions
  • Difficulty chewing, swallowing, speech
  • Worse as the day goes on
  • Respiratory muscle failure can lead to death
65
Q

Identify the protein deficiency associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

A

A single gene defect on the x chromosome affecting males whilst females can be carriers.

Associated with a lack of a protein called Dystrophin which anchors the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix.

66
Q

Why is the protein deficiency in Duchenne muscular dystrophy important?

A

Without dystropin there is no support when the cell contracts. The cell membrane becomes leaky, allowing materials to flood in. This results in muscle degeneration and necrosis.

By lacking Dystropin, as an individual grows and gets heavier the muscles collapse, fluids rush into the cell and as a result of that the cell degenerates.

67
Q

List TWO signs / symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

A
  • Delayed walking
  • Difficulty getting up from a sitting or lying position
  • Clumsiness, frequent falls
  • Waddling gait
  • Speech dela
  • Gowers sign - children struggle tpo get up and use their own arms pushing against their body to help them
68
Q

Are all muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) affected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

Yes – skeletal , smooth and cardiac

Kerri's Part 1 Biomed Slides (13 decks)

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