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Proefdiercursus 2022 > 3. Motor system (skeleton, muscles) > Flashcards

3. Motor system (skeleton, muscles) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A
  • skull
  • rib cage (+sternum)
  • vertebrae
  • laryngeal skeleton (between wervels and neck)
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2
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Shoulder/pelvis girdle + arm/hand & leg/foot

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3
Q

What are the two types of bones in mammals?

A

Compact (dense) bone and spongy (cancellous) bone

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4
Q

How is compact/dense bone build up?

A

Compact bone is found in the shaft/diaphysis of long bones and is build of osteons. Osteons are round structures with osteocytes within lacunae that surround a central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves. The central canal can exchange material with the lacunae via little channels called canaliculi.

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5
Q

How is spongy/cancellous bone build up?

A

Spongy bones is found on the end (epiphysis) of long bones and is composed of bony trabeculae.

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6
Q

Where is bone marrow located?

A

Bone marrow is located in the shaft of long bones and between the trabeculae of spongy bone.

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7
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Active marrow produces red and white blood cells by haemopoiesis. Yellow marrow is inactive.

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8
Q

What is the role of calcium in bone and bone remodeling?

A

Bone is a storage place for calcium and is continually being remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. In the process, Ca is released or stored.

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9
Q

How is the forelimb build up?

A

Humerus - radius - ulna - carpals - metacarpals - digits

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10
Q

How is the hindlimb build up?

A

Femus - tibia - fibula - tarsals - metatarsals - digits

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11
Q

What is the stifle joint?

A

The joint between the femur and the tibia on the hind leg is our knee but the stifle in animals.

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12
Q

What is the hock joint?

A

Our ankle joint (between the tarsals and metatarsals) is the hock in animals

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13
Q

What is the fetlock joint?

A

Our knuckle joint (between the metacarpals or metatarsals and the phalanges) is the fetlock in the horse.

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14
Q

Where is the occipital bone?

A

The occipital bone forms the base of the skull

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15
Q

What is a “trochanter”?

A

A trochanter is part of the femur. The “greater” trochanter is a bone marking (a bump) that lies on the lateral surface of the proximal femur, while the “lesser” trochanter lies on
the medial surface of the proximal femur.

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16
Q

What is pronation?

A

Pronation occurs when the radius is moved from a position parallel to the ulna to one where it crosses over the ulna and supination is the return
motion (may be thought of as the action we perform when turning off a wallmounted tap).

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17
Q

Is a carpal a long bone?

A

No, a carpal is a short bone since its length is not significantly longer than its width.

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18
Q

What are the bones of the fingers known as?

A

The bones of the fingers are known as phalanges. Phalanges (singular phalanx) are the bones of the fingers or toes. Metacarpals are the bones of the hand.

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19
Q

Which term below refers to a depression in a bone?

A

A fossa is a depression into which fi ts a projecting part of another bone when the two bones form a joint.

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20
Q

Which term below refers to a roughening on a bone?

A

A tuberosity is a rough area on the surface of a bone to which a muscle’s tendon attaches.

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21
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

Staartbeen

22
Q

What is the occipital?

A

The occipital surrounds the foramen magnum in the skull/the occipital bone forms the fl oor of the cranium.

23
Q

What is another name for an immovable joint?

A

A synarthrosis

24
Q

Where in the skeleton is the scapula located?

A

The scapula (shoulder blade) is part of the shoulder girdle. It is also part of the appendicular skeleton.

25
Q

What is a condyle?

A

The lateral condyle of the femur articulates with the lateral facet of the superior articular surface of the tibia, in the knee joint. –> dus it is a bone marking that is part of a bone articulation

26
Q

Where is the epiphyseal plate of a long bone located?

A

The “plate” is the hyaline cartilage between the shaft (diaphysis) and end (epiphysis) of a long bone in children and adolescents. In adults it is replaced by an ossifi ed “epiphyseal line”.

27
Q

In which structure are osteoclasts and osteoblasts found?

A

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are found in the the periosteum, the membrane around bones. This houses the bone forming cells (osteoblasts) and the bone reabsorbing cells (osteoclasts).

28
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

The manubrium is the upper part of the sternum.

29
Q

Describe the different types of joints (5)

A

Synovial joints have synovial fluid between the articulating bones. Fibrous joints have fibre between the articulating bones. Cartilaginous joints have cartilage between the bones. Amphiarthroses are “slightly moveable” joints. A synarthrosis is an immovable joint

30
Q

What is a facet/what is the difference between a fossa and a facet?

A

A facet is an articular surface that projects from a bone surface. A fossa is a shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as articular surface.

31
Q

What is the name given to the central tunnel of an osteon that contains blood vessels?

A

The harvasian canal, also known as the central canal.

32
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

The xiphoid process is a small, triangular part of the sternum that starts out as cartilage and eventually hardens as a person ages. Its main function is to act as a muscular attachment for other muscles in the area.

33
Q

Where does the increase in the length of a long bone take place?

A

At the epiphyseal plates. Bone is deposited on the side of the plate that is distal to the epiphysis while bone is removed from the proximal side. In this way the diaphysis increases in length (and is remodelled)

34
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

The acetabulum is the “socket” into which fi ts the ball of the femur.

35
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The region that separates the narrow shaft of a long bone from its end. The metaphysis is the bony component of the growth plate. The cartilaginous remnant of the growth plate is the epiphyseal plate.

36
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle cells?

A
  • the skeletal muscle cells are called fibers
  • their plasma membrane is called sarcolemma
  • the cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm
  • the endoplasmic reticulum is called sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • the contracting structures within a myofibril of a muscle cell are called sarcomeres.
37
Q

How is a sarcomere build up?

A

Within a sarcomere are bundels of thick and thin myofilaments

38
Q

What is the function of myosin?

A

Myosin is a protein compose the thick myofilaments.

39
Q

What is the function of myosin in skeletal muscle?

A

Actin compase the ghin myofilaments.

40
Q

Which proteins are involved in sarcomere contraction?

A

Troponn and tropomyosin along with calcium ions and ATP

41
Q

What is the membrane that each cell/fiber is surrounded with?

A

Each cell/fiber is surrounded by a membrane called the endomysium and contains nerve axons and capillaries.

42
Q

How is a bundle of muscle fibers called?

A

A bundle of muscle fibers is called a fascicle and is surrounded by a connective tissue memrane called the perimysium

43
Q

What is a perimysium?

A

A perimysium is the connective tissue membrane surrounding a fascicle

44
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

The epimysium surrounds the muscle.

45
Q

What is a muscle?

A

A muscle is a bundle of fascicles and the membrane surrounding a muscle is called the epimysium.

46
Q

How is smooth muscle characterized?

A
  • Smooth or Involuntary muscle carries out the unconscious routine tasks of the body
  • The individual cells are spindle-shaped, being fatter in the middle and tapering off towards the ends with a nucleus in the centre of the cell.
  • They are usually found in sheets and are stimulated by the non-conscious or autonomic nervous system as well as by hormones
  • uninucleated
  • not striated
47
Q

How is cardiac muscle characterized?

A
  • Cardiac muscle is only found in the wall of the heart. It is composed of branching fibres that form a three-dimensional network.
  • When examined under the microscope, a central nucleus and faint stripes or striations can be seen in the cells. –> striated just like skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle cells contract spontaneously and rhythmically without outside stimulation, but the sinoatrial node (natural pacemaker) coordinates the heart beat.
  • Nerves and hormones modify this rhythm
48
Q

During muscle cell contraction, what happens because of Ca ++ binding to troponin?

A

The binding site on actin is uncovered. Troponin causes tropomyosin (which covers he binding site of
actin) to be shifted away. // Ca ++ binds to troponin, thereby changing its shape to expose the binding
site. Ca attaches to troponin causing a shape change which shifts the attached tropomyosin away from binding sites of actin.

49
Q

Where are the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles located?

A

In the thigh. They are 2 of the 3 “hamstring” muscles on the dorsal thigh.

50
Q

Which muscles extend the leg?

A

Anatomically “leg” refers the limb between the knee and ankle. Extension of the leg is achieved by contacting the quadriceps (on the front of the thigh).

51
Q

What is the role of acetylcholine in muscle cell contraction?

A

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter. ACh crosses the synaptic cleft to transmit a neural impulse to the
muscle sarcolemma.

52
Q

A skeletal muscle fi bre (cell) consists of many sections (units) which contract.
What is the name given to one of the units that contract?

A

sarcomere

Proefdiercursus 2022 (12 decks)

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