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BDS4 Oral Surgery > 3 - Microbiology and antimicrobials > Flashcards

3 - Microbiology and antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of a gram positive cocci.

A

S. anginosus

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2
Q

Give an example of a gram negative cocci.

A

Veillonella species

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3
Q

Give an example of a gram positive bacilli.

A

Actinomyces israelii

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4
Q

Give an example of a gram negative bacilli.

A

Prevotella intermedia

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5
Q

What is antimicrobial resistance?

A

When micro-organisms change in ways that prevent medications from working

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6
Q

What are the different types of resistance?

A
  • intrinsic resistance
  • acquired resistance
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7
Q

What is intrinsic resistance?

A

Resistance through structure or metabolic pathway

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8
Q

What is acquired resistance?

A
  • mutation
  • acquisition of new DNA
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9
Q

What are the different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

A
  • altered target site
  • enzymatic inactivation
  • decreased uptake
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10
Q

Give an example of a microorganism that uses altered target site for antimicrobial resistance.

A

Penicillin resistance

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11
Q

Give an example of a microorganism that uses enzymatic inactivation for antimicrobial resistance.

A
  • prevotella
  • fusobacterium
  • both use beta-lactamase enzyme
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12
Q

What is the beta-lactamase resistance arms race?

A
  • penicillin resistant bacteria produced penicillinase to destroy the antibiotic
  • chemists produced a new penicillin resistant to penicillinase with a beta-lactam ring
  • bacteria produced beta-lactamase
  • chemists produced extended spectrum antibiotics
  • bacteria produced extended spectrum beta-lactamase
  • this reduces antibiotic choice for infection
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13
Q

How do you treat a ESBL infection?

A

Carbapenems

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14
Q

What are CPEs?

A

Carbapenemase producing enterobacterales

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15
Q

What is MDRI?

A

Multi drug resistant infection

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16
Q

Describe a dental abscess infection.

A
  • endogenous infection (often mixed)
  • strict anaerobes including S. anginosus and P. intermedia
17
Q

What is the ideal specimen of a dental abscess?

A
  • pus aspirate
  • as oxygen is toxic to many of the bacteria involved
18
Q

What bacteria are involved in a periodontal abscess?

A
  • anaerobic streptococci
  • p. intermedia
19
Q

What bacteria are involved in pericoronitis?

A
  • mixed oral anaerobes (p. intermedia)
  • s. anginosus
20
Q

What bacteria are involved in dry socket?

A

Mixed oral flora

21
Q

What bacteria are involved in osteomyelitis?

A
  • anaerobic gram negative rods
  • anaerobic streptococci
  • s. anginosus
  • s. aureus
22
Q

What bacteria are involved in salivary gland infection?

A
  • s. aureus
  • mixed anaerobes
23
Q

What is the management of salivary gland infection?

A
  • drainage
  • flucloxacillin
  • metronidazole
  • if severe, 6 weeks IV antibiotics
24
Q

What is the management of pericoronitis?

A
  • local measures
  • metronidazole if signs of spreading infection
25
Q

What is SOI?

A
  • severe odontogenic infection
  • spread of infection into tissue planes with systemic symptoms and signs of sepsis
26
Q

What bacteria are involved in Ludwig’s angina?

A
  • anaerobic gram negative bacilii (p.intermedia)
  • s. anginosus
  • anaerobic streptococci
27
Q

What is SIRS?

A

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

28
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Life threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection

29
Q

What does S mean in a microbiology report?

A

Susceptible at standard dose

30
Q

What does I mean in a microbiology report?

A

Susceptible at increased dose

31
Q

What does R mean in a microbiology report?

A

Resistant even with increased dose

32
Q

Define a breakpoint.

A

Chosen concentration of an antibiotic which defines whether a bacteria is susceptible or resistant to the antibiotic

33
Q

Define clinical resistance.

A

When an infection is highly unlikely to reposed even to maximum doses of antibiotic

34
Q

Define antimicrobial stewardship.

A

Organisational or healthcare system wide approach to promoting and monitoring use of antimicrobials to preserve their future effectiveness

BDS4 Oral Surgery (22 decks)

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