Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > 3. Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

3. Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

catabolism

A

fueling reactions
energy-conserving reactions
provide ready source or reducing power (electrons)
generate precursors for biosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
requires energy from fueling reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

nutrients

A

supply of monomers (or precursors of) required by cells for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

macronutrients

A

nutrients required in large amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

micronutrients

A

nutrients required in minute amounts

trace metals and growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

requirements for nutrition in cells

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
phosphorous
sulfur
nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

carbon

A

major element in all classes of macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

most microbes (heterotrophs) use

A

organic carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

autotrophs use

A

carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nitrogen

A

proteins, nucleic acids, and many more cell consituents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

phosphorous

A

nucleic acids and phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sulfur

A

sulfur containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine)

vitamins (thiamine, biotin, lipoic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

potassium

A

required by enzymes for activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

iron (Fe)

A

cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

trace metals

A

enzyme cofactors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

active transport

A

how cells accumulate solutes against concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

three classes of transporters:

A

simple transport
group translocation
ABC system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

simple transport

A

driven by the energy in the proton motive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

group translocation

A

chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ABC transporter

A

periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

phosphotransferase system in E.coli

A

-best studied group translocation system
-glucose, fructose, mannose
-five proteins required
-energy derived from phosphoenolpyruvate (from glycolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ABC (ATP-binding cassette) systems

A

200+ different systems identified in prokaryotes for organic and inorganic compounds
high substrate affinity (very specific to what they are transporting)
ATP drives uptake
requires trans-membrane and ATP-hydrolyzing proteins plus:
-gram negatives employ periplasmic binding proteins
-gram positive and archaea employ substrate-binding proteins on external surface of cytoplasmic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

activation energy

A

minimum energy required for molecules to become reactive
-a catalyst is usually required to overcome activation energy barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

electron donor

A

the substance is oxidized (glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
electron acceptor
the substance is reduced (O2)
26
organic molecules contain
1 C or more and H
27
classification of organisms based on their metabolism:
1. energy source 2. electron donor 3. carbon source
28
energy source
sunlight: photo- (light E) preformed molecules: chemo- (chemical E)
29
electron donor
organic compound (organo-) inorganic compound (litho-)
30
carbon source
organic compound (hetero-) carbon dioxide (auto-)
31
thiobacillus denitrificans oxidizes ammonia (NH3) for energy to conserve ATP and fixes CO2
chemolithoautotroph
32
a group of marine organisms, the "thiosulfate (S2O3)- oxidizing bacteria" obtain energy via the oxidation of thiosulfate. Many of these organisms require pyruvate for growth
chemo litho heterotroph
33
organisms in the genus roseobacter can obtain energy via aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis and they require glucose for growth
photo organo heterotroph
34
Reduction Potential (E0)
tendency to donate electrons (expressed as volts)
35
Electron Tower
top --> bottom donor on "right" acceptor on "left" donor is always above acceptor the further apart, the more potential (ATP) a couple on the same level cannot generate any potential
36
the greater the difference between the reduction potential of the donor and the reduction potential of the acceptor,
the more negative the free energy change
37
chemical energy released in redox reactions is primarily stored ... chemical energy is also stored in ...
in certain phosphorylated compounds -ATP: the prime energy currency -phosphoenolpyruvate coenzyme A derivates
38
adenosine triphosphate
energy stored in phosphate bonds
39
long-term energy storage involves biosynthesis of
insoluble polymers that can be oxidized to generate ATP prokaryotes: -gylcogen -elemental sulfur eukaryotes -starch and lipids
40
two reaction series are linked to energy conservation in chemoorganotrophs:
fermentation and respiration they differ in the mechanism of ATP synthesis
41
fermentation
substrate level phosphorylation; ATP is directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate krebs cycle, glycolysis
42
respiration
oxidative phosphorylation; ATP is produced from proton motive force formed by transport of electrons ETC
43
Fermentation
all about regenerating NAD+ -no electron acceptor -no ATP -purely anaerobic (no oxygen product) byproduct: alcohol, CO2, acid 2 ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis only no Krebs cycle or ETC, so NADH reduces an endogenous electron acceptor some endproducts: alcohol fermentation - CO2, alcohol homolactic fermentation: lactic acids heterolactic fermentation: lactic acids, CO2, alcohol
44
aerobic respiration:
O2 as acceptor (glucose is an electron donor)
45
anaerobic respiration
all but O2 is an acceptor (glucose is an electron donor)
46
which would make more ATP? fermenting or respiring
respiring
47
which would consume more glucose to make the same amount of ATP?
fermenting
48
what if you add nitrate to the no O2 fermenting
if you add NO2, that is an electron acceptor, so you would go from fermenting to anaerobic respiration
49
photosynthesis : the reverse of respiration
photo: converting light energy (photons) to chemical energy ATP synthesis: fixing CO2 into organic molecules- a reductive process -to fix CO2, a lot of energy and a lot of reducing power is needed
50
oxygenic photosynthesis
source of energy is light source of reducing power: oxidation of water H20 --> O2
51
anoxygenic photosynthesis
source of energy is light reducing power is oxidation of inorganic or organic chemicals H2S --> S (no oxygen)
52
oxygenic photosynthesis requires
two photosystems: chlorophyll is the main pigment
53
the only organism in the microbial word that does oxygenic photosynthesis is
cyanobacteria
54
in light dependent reactions,
water and sunlight produce the ATP
55
in light dependent reactions
NADPH is needed to fix CO2 into sugar
56
anoxygenic photosynthesis requires
only one photosystem H20 is NOT used, no O2 produced use alternative pigments and generate NADPH differently: -direct oxidation of H2 -reverse electron flow
57
anoxygenic phototrophs
energy from light but reducing power from organic or inorganic sources habitat: anoxic environments that are exposed to light
58
purple sulfur
electron donor: H2S special features: anaerobic anoxygenic bacteriochlorophylls: a and b (photosystem II)
59
purple nonsulfur
electron donor: organic substrates special features: anaerobic anoxygenic also chemotrophic bacteriochlorophylls: a and b (photosystem II)
60
green sulfur
electron donor: H2S special features: anaerobic anoxygenic bacteriochlorophylls: c, d, e (photosystem II)
61
green nonsulfur
electron donor: organic substrates special features: facultative aerobic; can also perform chemotrophy bacteriochlorophylls: c (photosystem II)

Microbiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions