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Microbiology > 2. Prokaryotic Cell Structure > Flashcards

2. Prokaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Cocci

A

spheres

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2
Q

Diplococci

A

pairs

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3
Q

streptococci

A

chains

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4
Q

staphylococci

A

grape-like clusters

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5
Q

tetrads

A

4 cocci in a square

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6
Q

sarcinae

A

cubic configuration of 8 cocci

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7
Q

bacilli

A

rods

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8
Q

coccobacilli

A

very short rods

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9
Q

vibrios

A

resemble rods, comma shaped

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10
Q

spirilla

A

rigid helices

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11
Q

spirochetes

A

flexible helices

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12
Q

mycelium

A

network of long, multinucleate filaments

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13
Q

pleomorphic

A

organisms that are variable in shape

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14
Q

size-shape relationship

A

-important for nutrient uptake
-surface to volume ratio (S/V)
-large size and odd shape may be protective mechanisms from predation

bigger cell, bigger volume
surface: volume ratio decreases as cell gets better which increases nutrients

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15
Q

plasma membrane functions

A

encompasses the cytoplasm; absolute requirement for all living organisms
-selectively permeable barrier
-interacts with external environment
1. receptors for detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings
2. transport systems
3. metabolic processes

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16
Q

bacteria and eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane

A
  1. ester linkage
  2. bilayer
  3. fatty acids
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17
Q

archaeal cytoplasmic membrane

A
  1. ether linkage
  2. either bilayer or monolayer
  3. phytanyl-isoprenes (NO FATTY ACIDS)
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18
Q

bacterial cell wall function

A
  1. maintains shape of the bacterium
  2. helps protect cell from osmotic lysis and toxic materials
  3. may contribute to pathogenicity
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19
Q

peptidoglycan (murein)

A

rigid structure lying just outside the cell plasma membrane

found in bacteria ONLY

pseudomurein is ONLY in archaea

20
Q

gram positive

A

stain purple
thick peptidoglycan

21
Q

gram negative

A

stain pink or red
thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane

22
Q

peptidoglycan structure

A

-contains sugars + AA
-meshlike polymer of identical subunits forming long strands

two alternating sugars
-NAG: N-acetylglucosamine
-NAM: N-acetylmuramic acid

alternating D- and L- amino acids

RIDIG IN CELL WALL

23
Q

Gram positive

A

Cell Wall
90% PG
10% techoic acids, lipotechoic acids

24
Q

Gram negative

A

Cell Wall
-outer membrane
-LPS + lipid A
-phospholipid
-porin

10% peptidoglycan –> periplasmic space (between outer membrane and plasma membrane)

(Lipid A is a toxin, gram - contains endotoxins)

less sensitive to antibiotics

25
LPS -lipopolysaccharide layer
consists of three parts 1. lipid A 2. core polysaccharide 3. O side chain (O antigen) Lipid A: buried in outer membrane Core polysaccharide, O side chain: extend out from the cell
26
Archaeal Cell Walls
no peptidoglycan pseudomurein (pseudopeptidoglycan) -found in cell walls of certain methanogenic Archaea -polysaccharide similar to peptidoglycan -composed of NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid) , but no NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid) beta-1,3 glycosidic bonds instead of beta- 1,4 CANNOT be destroyed by lysozyme and penicillin (due to these bonds)
27
Atypical Cell Walls
presence of mycolic acid (is waxy) -mycobacterium -nocardia
28
mycobacterium and nocardia are
acid fast organisms they require an application of acid alcohol in order to penetrate the layer and stain
29
lack of a cell wall organisms:
mycoplasma thermoplasma
30
mycoplasma
-group of pathogenic bacteria related to gram-positives -completely lack a cell wall -walking pneumonia caused by mycoplasma
31
thermoplasma
archaea have tough cytoplasmic membranes (sterols or lipoglycans)
32
components outside of the cell wall
-capsules -slime layers -pili and fimbriae -flagella
33
capsules
well organized and not easily removed from cell usually composed of polysaccharides visible in light microscope protective advantages: -resistant to phagocytosis -protect from dessication -exclude viruses and detergents *more resistant to viral infection + control measures *increases virulence - degree to which organisms can cause disease
34
slime layers
similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized, and easily removed slime may facilitate motility (prevent drying out)
35
fimbriae & pili
short, thin, hairlike, protein appendages can mediate attachment to surfaces, motility, DNA uptake
36
sex pili
longer, thicker, less numerous genes for formation on plasmids required for conjugation (facilitation of genetic exchange between cells)
37
flagella
functions -motility and swarming behavior -attachment to surfaces -may be virulence factors
38
monotrichous flagellation
one flagellum
39
lophotrichous flagellation
cluster of flagella at one or both ends
40
peritrichous flagellation
spread over entire surface of cell
41
motility
flagellar movement swarming spirochete motility twitching and gliding motility chemotaxis
42
chemotaxis
move toward chemical attractants such as nutrients, away from harmful substances move in response to temperature, light, oxygen, osmotic pressure, and gravity
43
spirochete motility
-multiple flagella form axial fibril which winds around the cell -flagella remain in periplasmic space inside outer sheath -corkscrew shape exhibits flexing and spinning movements
44
storage inclusions
-storage of nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks -glycogen storage -carbon storage -phosphate: polyphosphate -amino acids: cyanophycin granules
45
ribosomes
complex protein/ RNA structures -sites of protein synthesis -bacteiral and archaea ribosome
46
the nucleoid
-usually not membrane bound (few exceptions) -location of chromosome and associated proteins -usually 1 closed circular, double-stranded DNA molecule= chromosome -supercoiling and nucleoid proteins (different form histones) aid in folding
47
plasmids
extrachromosomal DNA -usually small, closed circular DNA molecules exist and replicate independently of chromosome -episomes: may integrate into chromsome -inherited during cell division classification via mode of existence, spread, and function

Microbiology (8 decks)

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