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Political Communication > 3. Media Systems > Flashcards

3. Media Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Media system

A

the overall configuration of the most important media in a country (mainly commercial versus public broadcasting)

configuration /most important media

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2
Q

old classification

A

four theories of the press

  1. libertarian media systems
  2. socially responsible media
  3. authoritarian media systems
  4. soviet communist model
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3
Q

libertarian media system

A

free marketplace, no state intervention

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4
Q

socially responsible media

A

educate and inform + entertain (public service broadcasting)

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5
Q

authoritarian media systems

A

journalists are subservient to the state

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6
Q

soviet communist model

A

the party dominates

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7
Q

Criticisms on the old media classification

A

continuum = degree of state intervention

overlap between 3rd and 4rd category = authoritarian / soviet

heavily ideological = two good / two bad

sign of times = cold war

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8
Q

new classification media system: 4 criteria

A

four criteria - comparing media systems

  1. degree of state intervention
  2. extent of political parallellism
  3. historical development of media markets
  4. extent of journalistic professionalism
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9
Q

political parallelism

A

the extent to which the content of the programs mirrors the political power balance (for each of the political parties there is a broadcast like Fox News and CNN)

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10
Q

three new classifications - comparing media systems

A
  1. liberal model
  2. democratic corporatist model
  3. polarized pluralist model
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11
Q

democratic corporatist model

A

links between media and socio-political groups, like political parallelism (Sweden)

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12
Q

polarized pluralist model

A

media are the vehicles of parties, strong role for the state

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13
Q

three crucial clusters of actors within political institutional context

A
  1. media themselves
  2. political actors
  3. public opinion and civil society
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14
Q

Impact media system on individual media

A

matters for content

matters for trust in media

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15
Q

Impact media system on individual media: matters for content

A

hard and soft news

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16
Q

Impact media system on individual media: matters for trust in media

A

The quantity of soft news you have in your coverage, that has an impact on trust in media. More hard news conveys the message to readers that media has to be taken seriously. Too much ‘funny’ soft news might undermine the credibility of media.

soft news = undermines media

hard news = media taken seriously
soft news = undermines media

17
Q

hard news

A

factually based and timely, appears more often in public broadcasting

18
Q

soft news

A

background information, easier, already processed, more accessible (also entertainment

19
Q

Impact on political actors

A

matters for campaigning (weekly interviews)

matters for campaign financing (ad costs)

20
Q

Impact on political actors: matters for campaigning

A

for example a weekly interview with prime minister. It helps the current politicians in power because it gives them a platform.

21
Q

Impact on political actors: matters for campaign financing

A

In a public broadcasting system you don’t need to spend too much money on campaigning because there already are so many chances to broadcast yourself in the media already.

Therefore you don’t have to buy many expensive campaign ads (mostly expensive in a liberal highly commercialized media system).

public broadcasting less expensive, not in need to buy ads

public broadcasting –> dont need to spend money on ads

commercialized media system –> expensive ads

22
Q

Impact media public opinion and civil society

A

Any good news in soft news = conveys the message of what is going on, but with something good in it.

Hard news is un-mistakenly better, because it gives you more information and less entertainment.

23
Q

fake news

A

news articles that are intentionally and verifiably false, and could mislead readers. It makes news more clickable

24
Q

fake news is influenced by …

A

by media systems like democracies / hybrid regimes and dictatorships.

older people are more likely to spread fake news because they don’t see the difference very well.

25
Q

Verisimilitude

A

the degree of truth

example: authors of fake news articles will make the article look truthful by mimicking the appearance of factual news / fact checking

26
Q

‘Bad apples, but happy endings’ paradox in Chinese media

A

that the system is not corrupt, but the people are corrupt. Therefore some critique is allowed, to remove those bad apples

27
Q

the way to promote in China

A

Complaining is allowed, but file it officially, so through courts. You can use the system, because the system is good, to cleanse itself. The regime wants to show that it is responsive and listens to you

28
Q

paradox in China

A

liberty vs. control. You use the liberty to complain to control people. So the liberty serves control.

liberty used to control

29
Q

Three pillars of the Chinese internet censoring

A
  1. the great firewall of china
  2. keyword blocking
  3. hand censoring

sites blokken / woorden blokken / zelf filteren

30
Q

keyword blocking

A

whenever a message uses a certain word, it is automatically blocked and referred to a review process

31
Q

hand censoring

A

blocking websites by hand, this works better because websites change a lot

Political Communication (14 decks)

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