3 - malignant haematology concepts Flashcards
whats the sort of like super general idea of whats wrong with cells in malignant haemopoiesis?
increased number of abnormal+dysfunctional cells with a loss of normal activity
= dysfunction of normal haemopoiesis and/or dysfunction of normal immune function
cells can have increased proliferation, failure to mature, failure to apoptosis
what are 2 malignant haematological conditions where proliferation of abnormal progenitors? what is difference?
- acute leukaemia - also with maturation problem so accumulate of immature progenitors
- chronic myeloproliferative disorders - no maturation problem so accumulate of mature progenitors
what are driver mutations and passenger mutations?
driver mutations = cause malignancies (the bad mutations- powerful)
passenger (background noise) mutation
*need multiple mutations to cause cancer
what is clone?
population of cells derived from single parent cell (parent cell often has mutation shared in all daughter cells). clones can diversify over time but still contain similar genetic
normal haemopoiesis = polyclonal (come from different clones of cells)
malignant haemopoiesis = monoclonal (clones of same cell)
what is the 3 criteria to name blood cancers?
- site
- lineage
- stage of development
what site does
a) leukaemia mean?
b) lymphoma mean?
a) marrow or blood
b) lymph nodes
what stage of development is meant by
a) blastic
b) cytic
a) blast = young, primitive
b) cytic = mature, high grade
what words mean more aggressive malignancies?
high grade or acute = both mean like aggressive & come on quickly
what are histological features of aggression?
- large cells
- high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio
- prominent nucleoli
- rapid proliferation
what is idea of bone marrow failure in acute leukaemias?
anaemias or thrombocytopenia etc - basically like low RBCs and low cells etc
what is the exception to the rule that leukaemia means blood/bone marrow?
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia involves both blood & lymph nodes
