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Kinesiology > 3: Joint Structure and Function > Flashcards

3: Joint Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

define a synarthrosis joint

A
  • essentially no movement
  • functions to bind and transfer forces b/w bones
  • reinforced by a combo of cartilaginous and connective tissues
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2
Q

define a diarthrosis (synovial) joint

A
  • allows moderate to extensive motion

- synovial fluid-filled cavity

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3
Q

what are 2 types of synarthroses?

A
  • fibrous joints

- cartilaginous joints

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4
Q

what are some examples of fibrous joints?

A
  • sutures of the skull
  • distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis)
  • radioulnar interosseous membrane
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5
Q

what are some examples of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • pubic symphysis
  • interbody joint of spine
  • manubriosternal joint (in the young)
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6
Q

what are some examples of diarthroses (synovial joints)?

A
  • GH joint
  • apophyseal (facet) joints of the spine
  • knee
  • ankle
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7
Q

what elements are always associated with synovial joints?

A
  • synovial fluid
  • articular cartilage
  • joint capsule
  • synovial membrane
  • ligaments
  • blood vessels
  • sensory nerves
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8
Q

what elements are sometimes associated with synovial joints?

A
  • intra-articular discs or menisci
  • peripheral labrum
  • fat pads
  • bursa
  • synovial plicae (overlapped pleats of tissue)
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9
Q

describe the articular capsule of a synovial joint

A
  • composed of CT that encloses the joint
  • fibrous layer
  • synovial layer or membrane
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10
Q

describe the synovial membrane of a synovial joint

A

internal layer of articular capsule

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11
Q

describe synovial fluid

A
  • produced by cells within synovial membrane

- coats surfaces of joints, decreases friction, and provides nourishment

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12
Q

what is the function of synovial joint ligaments?

A

protect from excessive movement

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13
Q

intra-articular discs increase ____ and improve ____

A
  • congruency

- force dispersion

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14
Q

describe the peripheral labrum of a synovial joint

A
  • deepens concave joint

- supports attachment of joint capsule

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15
Q

describe the fat pads of a synovial joint

A
  • reinforce internal aspects of capsule

- fill non-articulating joint spaces

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16
Q

describe the bursa of a synovial joint

A
  • extension of synovial membrane
  • filled with synovial fluid
  • absorb force
  • protect periarticular connective tissue
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17
Q

what are the 3 main functions of synovial joints?

A
  • allow for motion
  • bear body weight
  • provide stability
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18
Q

what 5 things does connective tissue form?

A
  • capsules
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • articular cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
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19
Q

connective tissue components

A
  • fibrous proteins
  • ground substance
  • cells
20
Q

fibrous proteins

A
  • collagen (type I and II)

- elastin

21
Q

ground substance

A
  • glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  • water
  • solutes
22
Q

cells

A
  • fibroblasts

- chondrocytes

23
Q

types of periarticular connective tissue

A
  • dense CT
  • articular cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
24
Q

dense CT includes…

A
  • ligaments
  • fibrous layer of joint capsule
  • tendons
25
Q

dense CT has a limited ____

A

blood supply

26
Q

primary function of dense CT

A

resist tension

27
Q

ligaments and joint capsules ____ and ____ the joint

A

protect and bind

28
Q

tendons transfer forces between ____ and ____

A

muscle and bone

29
Q

describe irregular dense CT

A
  • irregular and haphazard orientation of collagen within ground substance
  • suited to resist tensile force in multiple directions
  • ex: joint capsule
30
Q

describe regular dense CT

A
  • more orderly

- nearly parallel orientation of collagen fibers

31
Q

collagen fibers function most effectively when stretched parallel to _____

A
  • long axis of ligament

- ex: ligaments and tendons

32
Q

in tendons, the arrangement of collagen fibers is suited to…

A

high directional tensile loads

33
Q

in ligaments, the arrangement of collagen fibers is suited to….

A

variable load direction

34
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • articular cartilage
  • distributes and absorbs joint forces and reduces joint friction
  • varies in thickness (1-4mm in low compression, 5-7mm in high compression)
  • classified as avascular and aneural
  • receives nutrition with compression
35
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • mixture of dense and articular cartilage
  • includes mensici, labrum, discs
  • aneural
  • limited blood supply (outer rims of some fibrocartilage do have direct blood supply)
36
Q

primary functions of fibrocartilage

A
  • supports and mechanically stabilizes joints
  • dissipates loads across multiple planes
  • guides complex arthrokinematics
37
Q

bone consists of…

A
  • type I collagen
  • osteoblasts
  • hard ground substance
38
Q

primary function of bone

A
  • rigid support to body

- systems of levers for muscles

39
Q

bone can accept tremendous ____ loads

A

compressive

40
Q

bone is richly ____ and ____

A

vascularized and innervated

41
Q

compact bone

A

outer cortex of long bones

42
Q

cancellous bone

A

end of long bones w thinner layer of compact bone surrounded by a network of cancellous bone

43
Q

wolff’s law

A

bone is laid down in areas of high stress and reabsorbed in areas of low stress

44
Q

define anisotropic

A

cortical bone responds differently depending on the direction of the force applied

45
Q

an immobilized joint will demonstrate changes in ____ and ____ of connective tissues if immobilized for prolonged time

A

structure and function

46
Q

rate of decline of CT is dependent on ____ of the tissue

A

metabolic activity

47
Q

rapid loss of ____ occurs with prolonged reduced loading and recovery is ____

A
  • strength

- slower

Kinesiology (9 decks)

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