3. INTRINSIC/EXTRINSIC MOTIVES & SDT Flashcards
Motivation
degree of determination, drive, or desire spent in approaching (or avoiding) behavior
direction & **intensity ** of effort
direction: what we choose to do or avoid
intensity: how much effort we put in
influenced by desired outcomes/consequences
Expectancy-Value Approach Applied to Exercise Behavior
motivation (and behavior) predicated on the individual’s:
- expected behavioral outcome
- value (importance) the individual placed on that predicted outcome
see figure
Social Cognitive Theory
Behavior can be explained through
- reciprocal interaction of an individual, the environment, and their behavior
» person’s past experiences
» social influence of the environment
» external and internal social reinforcement
- goals, social factors, value, and outcome expectancies
- most commonly used in theory; self-efficacy
Self-Efficacy
extent to which an individual feels he/she will succeed in performing a desired behavior
- given one’s abilities
- AND the unique situation in which one finds oneself
confidence in your ability to perform a specific task
Self-Efficacy: Antecendents & Outcomes
past performance
vicarious experiences
social persuasion
physiological/emotional states
–>
self-efficacy
–>
behavior
affect
cognition
Antecedents listed in Order of importance, top to bottom. i.e. past performance most influential
Past performances is most dependable source because its derived from our own experiences
Types of Self-Efficacy
- task self-efficacy
- confidence in a specific task
- how confident you are that you can do x - barrier self-efficacy
- confidence in your ability to overcome specified list of barriers
- scheduilng and coping self-efficacy - self-regulatory efficacy
- confidence in your ability to perform exercise behaviors
Measuring Self-Efficacy
- assess self-efficacy in different levels
- assess self-efficacy strength at each level
- see figure
Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
people seek challenges to satisfy three basic needs
- Autonomy
- choice - Competence
- choose exercises they are good at, avoid ones they’re bad at - Relatedness
- social interaction
Autonomy: Attributions
Attributions: Internal or external control
- perceived barriers
- perception more important than reality
- can change how we attribute our success/failure
Autonomy
vary in many different aspects
- control also refers to how adn why we set goals
power dynamics in exercise are very different than i nsport
- people hold the power over themselves, often make choices that htey like better than exercise
Control: Proxy Agency
[Albert Bandura]
suggested that giving up control to another person can allow you to put forth more effort into:
- overcoming barriers
- intensity/quality of the activity
- results in better adherence
still your choice to give up control
problem: potential for overdependence
Proxy Agency: Why
- gain knowledge from an expert
- triggered by a life change (turning certain age, getting married, high school reunions)
- approach specific medical conditions, didn’t know how to handle on own
- reduce risk of injury/want someone to oversee what they’re doing
- social support/accountability
Control
Control also refers to how and why we set goals
- ex dictated by external pressures
our goals and motives fall on a continuum from extrinsic to intrinsic
- depends on why the motives are important not just the motive itself
The Motivation Continuum
external motivation {doing something to get a reward or to avoid punishment}
> > .
introjected motivation {doing something to avoid guilt, feeling obligated or to prove something}
> > .
identified motivation {doing something because it’s important to you}
> > .
integrated motivation {doing something because it’s important to you and it’s aligned with your values and other goals}
Motives
- goals we want to accomplish
- the “why”
- reasons for exercise (approach vs. avoidance motives)
Continuum of Motivation x the Why
WHY we choose the goal matters
- same goal can be more intrinsic or extrinsic depending on reasons for wanting to achieve that goal and the function it serves
- – more intrinsic reasons are better for long-term exercise
- – positive affect/emotions are linked to intrinsic motivation
Continuum of Intrinsic to Extrinsic Motives
intrinsic motivation more self-determined
–>
extrinsic motivation determined by others
..
most goals/reasons/desired outcomes fall somewhere in between
Threat as an Extrinsic Motivator
Public health messages focus on health outcomes
- exercise is a means to an end (instrumental)
- its sole purpose is to result in an outcome that we are supposed to want
.
typically about avoiding a threat (avoidance motive)
- can become controlling
- obesity, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure
- becomes extrinsic pressure
- timing is an issue: avoiding a threat far in the future
Functions of Extrinsic Rewards
(Deci)
Motive –>
- Function of Reward/Motive –> 2. Effect on Exerciser –> 3. Impact on Intrinsic Motivatoin
know model
Self-Presentation: Extrinsic Motive
- Impression Motivation
- Impression Construction
Impression Motivation
- drive to make a favorable impression on others
- do we want people to think of us as an exerciser
- do we want people to have other impressions of us (that can be influenced by exercise)
Impression Construction
- how we make that impression
- how do we use exercise to construct impressions
Challenges in Fostering Intrinsic Motivation
- many people do not inherently enjoy exercise or physical activity
- exercise is often framed as (or feels like) a punishment
Punishment
- a negative stimulus that leads to reduction in behavior
- aspects of exercise that are inherently negative (discomfort, sweating, fatigue, boredom)
