3. Insurance Flashcards
Insurance
A mechanism for providing security through the pooling of risks.
Two essential elements of insurance:
- Pooling of risks
- Sharing of losses
Principle of indemnity insurance
The benefit payment should return the insured to the same financial position that they would otherwise have experienced had the event insured against not occurred.
Life insurance contract
A contract providing for the payment of a specified sum on the happening of an event which are dependent on human lives.
Under which (8) criteria will the insurance mechanism function most efficiently?
- Limit on the liability undertaken by the insurer.
- “Insurable interest” must exist
- Event causing the loss should be well defined.
- Risk should be financial and the size (loss), measurable.
- Individual risk events should be independent.
- Probability of the event occurring should be small.
- Moral hazard should be eliminated
- Anti-selection should be eliminated as far as possible.
- Pool a large number of similar risks.
What is meant by “insurable interest”
The insured must have a financial interest in the item being insured.
Under what condition can events with certainty (e.g. death) be insured?
If the time until the occurrence of the insured event is unknown.
Moral hazard
The situation where individuals may try to be dishonest.
What can be done to eliminate moral hazard?
Individuals are place in a position where they will not benefit financially from the occurrence of the insured event.
Why should similar risks be pooled?
To reduce the variance and hence achieve more certainty when estimating claims.
Mutuality
The principle - in private insurance - whereby individuals pool risks and share losses and are charged a premium that reflects the risk they pose.
Solidarity
The sharing of losses with “premiums” calculated by some other method, with social objectives in mind. Premiums are not related to the risk of the individual and lower risks subsidies higher risks e.g. Health insurance
Explain selection
Insurers will attempt to select the individuals it feels are most appropriate for the risk pool. Not all risks will be acceptable.
By what means can selection take place?
- The method of selling business
- Geographical region
- Class of business
- Medical assessment
Explain anti-selection
Individuals will take out the insurance they feel is most appropriate to them (adverse selection).