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Infection > 3. Innate Immunity > Flashcards

3. Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 factors determine the outcome of the host-pathogen relationship?

A

Host’s immune response
Infectivity
Virulence

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2
Q

What is the definition of the immune system?

A

Cells and organs that contribute to immune defences against infections and non-infectious conditions

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3
Q

What is the definition of an infectious disease?

A

When the pathogen succeeds in evading and/or overwhelming the host’s immune defences

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4
Q

What are the 4 main roles of the immune response?

A

Pathogen recognition
Containing/eliminating the infection
Regulating itself
Remembering pathogens

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5
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of the innate immune system?

A

Fast
Lack of specificity
Lack of memory
No change in intensity

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6
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

Slow
Specificity
Immunologic memory
Changes in intensity

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7
Q

What are the main physical barriers of the first line if defence in the innate immune system?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes eg mouth, GI tract
Bronchial cilia

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8
Q

What are the main physiological barriers of innate immunity first line defence?

A

Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Coughing
Sneezing

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9
Q

What are the main chemical barriers in innate immunity first line defence?

A

Low pH eg 4.4 vagina

Antimicrobial molecules eg IgA in tears, saliva and mucous membranes

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10
Q

What are the main biological barriers in innate immunity first line defence?

A

Normal flora:
Nonpathogenic microbes
Strategic locations - eg skin, vagina
Absent in internal organs/tissues

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11
Q

Give an example of a normal bacteria that inhabits the skin

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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12
Q

Give an example of 2 normal bacteria that inhabits the nasopharynx

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Neisseria meningitidis

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13
Q

Name 4 routes by which normal flora can be displaced from its normal location to a sterile location and cause infection

A

Breaching skin integrity
Fecal-oral
Fecal-perineal-urethral
Poor dental hygiene/dental work

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14
Q

What is a common cause of harmless bacteraemia?

A

Poor dental hygiene/dental work

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15
Q

What different groups of patients are at high-risk of serious infections?

A

Asplenic/hyposplenic patients
Damaged or prosthetic valves
Previous infective endocarditis
Immune-compromised eg diabetes, AIDS, chemo (decreases neutrophil number), malignant diseases
Patients with decreased neutrophil function eg chronic granulomatous disease (no respiratory burst)

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16
Q

Give 2 infections that can occur when normal flora is depleted by antibiotics

A

Clostridium difficile - severe colitis - intestine

Candida albicans - thrush - vagina

17
Q

What are the 3 main phagocytic cells that are important in the second line defence of the innate immune system?

A

Macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils

18
Q

Give a structure found on the surface of microbes that allow their recognition by the innate immune cells?

A

PAMPs

19
Q

Give the name of the receptors found on the surface of phagocytes that recognise microbes and an example of one

A

PRRs eg TLR2 or TLR4

20
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Coating of microbe surfaces with coating proteins called opsonins. Leads to enhanced attachment of phagocytes (neutrophils) and clearance of microbes

21
Q

What are opsonins essential in?

A

Clearing encapsulated bacteria

22
Q

Name 3 classes of opsonins and 2 examples of each

A

Complement proteins eg C3b, C4b
Antibodies eg IgG, IgM
Acute phase proteins eg CRP, MBL

23
Q

What are the two main pathways of the phagocyte intracellular killing mechanisms?

A

Oxygen-dependent pathway (respiratory burst) eg NO

Oxygen-independent pathway eg lysozyme

24
Q

What are the two activating pathways of the complement system? How are they initiated?

A

Alternative pathway - initiated by cell surface microbial constituents
MBL pathway - initiated by MBL binding to mannose containing residues of proteins found on microbes

25
Q

What are the 3 roles of cytokines/chemokines in phagocytes?

A

Chemoattraction
Phagocyte activation
Inflammation

26
Q

What actions do macrophage-derived TNFa, IL-1 and IL-6 have on the liver, bone marrow, inflammatory actions and hypothalamus?

A

TRIGGER THE ACTUE PHASE RESPONSE
Liver - release of opsonins eg CRP, MBL (complement activation)
Bone marrow - neutrophil mobilisation
Inflammatory response - vasodilation, vascular permeability, adhesion molecules lead to attraction of neutrophils
Hypothalamus - increased body temp

27
Q

What is the complement system?

A

Part of the innate immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s plasma membrane

Infection (14 decks)

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