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Infection > 1. Intro to microbes > Flashcards

1. Intro to microbes Flashcards

1
Q

What is commonly reported on an FCB in relation to infection?

A

WBC and neutrophils. Lymphocytes also relevant

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2
Q

What type of infection would neutrophils be increased or decreased in?

A

Bacterial

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3
Q

What type of infection would lymphocytes be increased or decreased in?

A

Viral

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4
Q

What are the 4 main structural components of a virus?

A

Spikes
Envelope (not present in all)
Protein coat
Nucleic acid (single or double stranded DNA or RNA)

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5
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects and replicated in a bacterium

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6
Q

What are bacteriophages composed of?

A

Composed of proteins that encapsulate DNA or RNA. Made of a head, collar, and tail with long tail fibres and a base plate

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7
Q

What are the main structural components of a bacterium?

A 
Pili
Flagellum
Polysaccharide capsule
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Plasmids
Nucleoid (circular DNA)
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8
Q

what are the 3 main bacterial shapes?

A

Coccus
Spirillus
Bacillus (rods)

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9
Q

What are the two arrangements of cocci?

A

Clusters

Chains

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10
Q

What colour is gram positive bacteria, and what layer retains some of the stain?

A

Purple

The thick peptidoglycan cell wall

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11
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria stain? What causes the stain to wash off?

A

Pink
Thin peptidoglycan cell wall, due to presence of a second outer lipid membrane, this is an outer membrane with a lipopolysaccharide layer

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12
Q

What does obligate mean? Eg obligate aerobes or anaerobes?

A

Requires. So requires oxygen or oxygen-free environment for survival

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13
Q

What is a spore?

A

Bacteria in an inactive form. Can survive very high temperatures, pressures and disinfection

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14
Q

How are bacteria, fungi and parasites named?

A 
Linnaean taxonomy (Genus and species)
May be supplemented by adjectives (eg describing growth, typing, antimicrobial susceptibility characteristics)
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15
Q

Name two gram positive cocci?

A 
Staph aureus (MRSA)
Staph epidermidis

Streps

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16
Q

Name one gram negative cocci

A

Neisseria meningitidis

17
Q

Name one gram negative bacilli

A

Escherichia coli

18
Q

What are virulence factors? Give some examples

A

Ways in which a microbe is adapted to aid survival.
Eg in bacteria polysaccharide capsule can protect cells from being phagocytosed. Synthesis of collagenase, which is released by bacteria and breaks down the collagen in connective tissue.

19
Q

Why are toxins produced by bacteria?

A

Exo and endotoxins are produced by bacteria in order to damage host tissues and disable the immune system.

20
Q

Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes? Why is this important?

A

Eukaryotes, so more difficult to kill than prokaryotes eg with an anti-fungal without killing the hosts own cells

21
Q

What are the two classes of fungi?

A

Yeasts - single-celled

Moods - multicellular

22
Q

What are the two main groups of parasites?

A

Protozoa - single-celled

Helminths - worms, multicellular

23
Q

What are the four main types of pathogen? Are the prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Virus
Bacterium - prokaryote
Fungus - eukaryote
Parasite - eukaryote

24
Q

What are the different factors what can affect the whether a patient becomes infected? Give an example for each

A

Person - eg age - elderly
Time - eg calendar time - winter
Place - eg current - hospital

25
Q

What are the 7 mechanisms of infection?

A 
Contiguous spread - direct
Inoculation - needle stick injury
Haematogenous - via blood
Ingestion - food borne
Inhalation - droplet or aerosol
Vector - intermediates eg insects
Verticals transmission - mother to child
26
Q

How do infections cause host damage?

A

Via attachment then interaction with host defences or toxin production. Inflammation can also occur after interaction with host defences before host damage

27
Q

What are the 3 main things to do as part of management of infection?

A

Diagnosis
Treatment
Infection prevention

28
Q

What two pathways can treatment take? Give examples

A

Specific - antimicrobials, surgery

Supportive - symptom relief, physiological restoration

29
Q

What are the two ends of the spectrum with outcome of infection?

A

Cure to death, with or without disability

30
Q

Name one gram positive bacilli

A

Clostridium difficile

31
Q

Name 4 types of infections that adenoviruses can cause

A

Ocular
Respiratory
GI
Urinary tract

32
Q

What are the observed disease symptoms caused by adenoviruses related to?

A

Killing of epithelial cells

33
Q

Give adenoviruses structure and mechanism of infection

A

Non-enveloped, icosahedral, dslDNA

Gene that income proteins that lead to the sitting off of host cellular DNA, RNA and protein synthesis

34
Q

How is the spread of adenoviruses prevented?

A

Vaccine for military personnel
Proper sterilisation of ophthalmologic instruments
Don’t hare towels or go swimming when infected with ocular disease

Infection (14 decks)

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