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Biology Paper 1 > 3-Infection And Response > Flashcards

3-Infection And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is pathogen

A

Microorganisms that cause communicable diseases

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2
Q

What do bacteria do

A

Produce toxins that make feel ill

Can reproduce rapidly inside body

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3
Q

What do viruses do

A

Live inside host cells and replicate rapidly
The cell then bursts and the cell damage makes you feel ill
Not cells

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4
Q

How big are bacterium

A

Very small cells 1/100th size of body cells

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5
Q

How big are viruses

A

1/100th size of bacterium

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6
Q

What are protists

A

Mostly single celled eukaryotes
Some are parasites
Often transferred through a vector

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7
Q

What are fungi

A

Some are single celled and others have a body made up of hyphae.
These hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and surface of plants causing disease
Hyphae produce spores which can spread to other plants or animals

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8
Q

How can pathogens spread

A

Water
Air
Direct contact

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9
Q

How r pathogens spread through water

A

Drinking or bathing in dirty water

eg. Cholera

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10
Q

How r pathogens spread the air

A

Carried in the air and breathed in

eg. Influenza

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11
Q

How r pathogens spread through direct contact

A

Touching contaminated surfaces including skin.

eg. Athletes foot can be spread through shower floors and towels

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12
Q

What does measles cause

A

Red skin rashes, fever, sometimes lead to pneumonia or encephalitis (a brain infection)

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13
Q

How is measles spread

A

Droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

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14
Q

What does HIV cause

A

Flu like symptoms for a few weeks but the person doesn’t then experience any symptoms for several years after. The virus attacks immune cells so the body can’t cope with other infections

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15
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus cause (TMV)

A

Causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of plants and part become discoloured

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16
Q

What does discolouration cause in leaves

A

The plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well so affects growth

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17
Q

What does rose black spot cause

A

Purple or black spots on the leaves of rose plants.

They then turn yellow and drop off

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18
Q

How does rose black spot spread

A

Water and wind

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19
Q

How can rose black spot be treated

A

Fungicides or cutting off affected areas

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20
Q

How is malaria spread

A

Through the vector mosquito

They pass on the disease when they feed on an animal

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21
Q

What does malaria cause

A

Repeated episodes of fever that can be fatal

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22
Q

How can malaria be treated

A

Protection from mosquitoes through using insecticides and mosquito nets

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23
Q

What does salmonella cause

A

Food poisoning

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea

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24
Q

How is salmonella caught

A

Eating food that’s been contaminated with the salmonella bacteria

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25
Q

How is the spread of salmonella reduced

A

In the UK most poultry is vaccinated against salmonella

26
Q

What does gonorrhoea cause

A

Pain when they urinate.

Thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis

27
Q

How is gonorrhoea transmitted

A

It’s and STD so is spread through sexual contact

28
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated

A

Antibiotics can treat it however strains of bacteria have become resistant to penicillin.
To prevent spread of it barrier methods of contraception should be used

29
Q

What are the 4 main ways to reduce or prevent disease

A

Being hygienic,
Destroying vectors,
Isolating infected individuals,
Vaccination

30
Q

How does the skin prevent disease

A

Barrier to pathogens and it also secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens

31
Q

How do hair and mucus in the nose prevent disease

A

They trap particles that contain pathogens

32
Q

How do the trachea and bronchi prevent disease

A

They secrete mucus that trap pathogens and they are lined with cilia which push mucus up to the back of the throat to be swallowed

33
Q

How does the stomach prevent disease

A

Produces HCL which kills pathogens

34
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

When phagocytes (a type of white blood cell) engulf foreign cells

35
Q

What r the unique molecules on the surface of a pathogen called

A

Antigens

36
Q

How r antibodies produced

A

When lymphocytes come across a foreign antigen they produce antibodies that lock onto the antigen and kill it or notify phagocytes to engulf it

37
Q

When r lymphocytes called B-lymphocytes

A

When they can no longer divide

38
Q

What is used in vaccines

A

Dead or inactive pathogens

39
Q

What r advantages of vaccination

A

Control lots of communicable diseases that use to be common.

Herd immunity- when the majority of population is vaccinated so the disease doesn’t spread

40
Q

Disadvantages of vaccination

A

Don’t always give immunity.

Can have a bad reaction to the vaccine but this is very rare

41
Q

What do painkillers do

A

Reduce symptoms of disease but don’t actually treat it

42
Q

What do antibiotics do

A

Kill the bacteria causing the disease.

Do not destroy viruses

43
Q

How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

The bacteria can mutate and cause them to be resistant to the antibiotic.
It then reproduces

44
Q

How do you reduces the rate of antibiotic resistance

A

Important for doctors to not over prescribe antibiotics.

And the patient needs to finish the whole course of treatment

45
Q

What is aspirin and where does it originate

A

Used as a painkiller and to lower fever.

Developed from chemical in willow

46
Q

What is digitalis and where does it originate

A

Treats heart conditions.

Developed from chemical in foxglove

47
Q

What r the main stages of developing drugs

A 
Tests on computers,
Tests on human cells and tissues in the lab,
Tests on live animals,
Healthy human volunteers,
Ill human volunteers,
Patients put in two groups and one has a placebo,
The trails are blind,
Peer review
48
Q

What r the B-lymphocytes combined with to make a hybridoma

A

Tumour cells because then it can divide as well

49
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

Cloned hybridoma cells that all produce the same antibodies

50
Q

What hormone is found in the urine of a women only when they are pregnant

A

HCG

51
Q

Why does the pregnancy strip turn blue when pregnant

A

Because the hormone in the urine binds to the antibodies on the blue heads.
And then the urine moves up the strip and it binds with the antibodies stuck on the strip turning it blue as the blue heads get stuck on the strip

52
Q

How r monoclonal antibodies used to treat tumour cells

A

Anti cancer drugs can be attached to the monoclonal antibodies which can target the cancer cells and bind to the tumour’s antigens

53
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used in labs to find specific hormones, chemicals, pathogens or molecules in a cell

A

Fluorescent dye is added to specific antibodies and they attach to them and could be detected

54
Q

What r the side affects of monoclonal antibodies

A

Fever, vomiting and low blood pressure

55
Q

What does nitrate deficiency cause

A

Needed to make proteins so it causes stunted growth

56
Q

What does magnesium deficiency cause

A

Needed to make chlorophyll so plants suffer from chlorosis and have yellow leaves

57
Q

What r common signs of plant disease

A 
Stunted growth
Spots on the leaves 
Patches of decay
Abnormal growths
Malformed stems or leaves
Discolouration
58
Q

How can plant diseases be identified

A

Looking up signs in garden manual or website,
Taking infected plant to laboratory,
Testing kits that use monoclonal antibodies

59
Q

What physical defences do plants have

A

Waxy cuticle
Cell wall
Layers of dead cells round stems

60
Q

What chemical defences do plants have

A

Produce antibacterial chemicals,

Produce poisons

61
Q

What mechanical defences do plants have

A

Thorns or hairs,
Droop or curl when something touches them,
Mimic other organisms

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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