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Biology Paper 1 > 2-Organisation > Flashcards

2-Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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2
Q

What is an organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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3
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

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4
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A biological catalyst

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5
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up

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6
Q

What is the active site

A

Area in the enzyme where the substrate goes into

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7
Q

How does pH and temperature affect enzymes

A

If they get too high or too low then the enzyme denatures

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8
Q

Where is amylase produced

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

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9
Q

Where is protease produced

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

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10
Q

Where is lipase produced

A

Pancreas

Small intestine

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11
Q

What does starch break down into

A

Glucose and other sugars

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12
Q

What does protein break down into

A

Amino acids

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13
Q

What do lipids break down into

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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14
Q

What is the role of bile

A

Neutralises the HCL in the stomach because enzymes work best in alkaline conditions
Emulsifies fats- breaks down fats into tiny droplets so there is a bigger SA

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15
Q

Where is bile produced and stored

A

Produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

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16
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in digestion

A

Where excess water is absorbed from food

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17
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in digestion

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes

Digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into blood

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18
Q

What is the role of the stomach In digestion

A

Pummels the food with the muscular walls
Produces protease and pepsin
Produces HCL to kill bacteria and make it pH 2 for the protease enzyme to work

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19
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase which is released into the small intestine

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20
Q

What is the role of the liver in digestion

A

Where bile is produced.

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21
Q

What is the role of the rectum in digestion

A

Where the faeces are stored

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22
Q

What is used to test for sugars

A

Benedict’s solution

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23
Q

What colour does benedicts turn if sugar is present

A

Changes from blue to green, yellow or brick red depending on how much sugar is in the food

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24
Q

What is used to test for starch

A

Iodine solution

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25
Q

What colour does iodine turn if starch is present

A

Changes from browny-orange to black or blue black

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26
Q

What is used to test for proteins

A

Biuret solution

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27
Q

What colour does biuret turn if protein is present

A

Changes from blue to purple

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28
Q

What is used to test for lipids

A

Sudan III

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29
Q

What colour does Sudan III change to if lipids are present

A

The mixture will separate into two layers and the top layer will be bright red

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30
Q

How do u prepare a food sample

A

Break up the piece of food using a pestle and mortar
Transfer into beaker and add distilled water
Stir with glass rod
Filter out solid bits with a funnel and filter paper

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31
Q

What separates the thorax and lower part of your body

A

The diaphragm

32
Q

What r the different tubes going in the lungs

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

33
Q

How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli

A

Blood containing lots of CO2 and little O2 passes by the alveoli in capillaries.
CO2 diffuses out of blood into alveolus.
O2 diffuses out of alveoli into the blood

34
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of

A

The heart, blood vessels and blood

35
Q

What is the role of valves

A

To prevent backflow

36
Q

What is the journey of blood on the right side of the heart

A

Enters from vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Exits through pulmonary artery

37
Q

What is the journey of blood on the left side of the heart

A

Enters from the pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta

38
Q

What is the role of arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

39
Q

What is the role of veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

40
Q

What is the role of capillaries

A

Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

41
Q

What is the structure of arteries

A

Blood is high pressure so the walls are strong and elastic and thick compared to the size of the lumen

42
Q

What is the lumen

A

The hole in the middle of a blood vessel

43
Q

What is the structure of veins

A

Blood is at lower pressure so the walls aren’t as thick
Larger lumen
Valves

44
Q

What is the structure of capillaries

A

Very thin walls- only one cell thick
Very small lumen
Permeable walls

45
Q

What is the role of red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

Contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen

46
Q

How r red blood cells adapted to carry more oxygen

A

No nucleus so more space

Biconcave structure for more SA

47
Q

What is the role of white blood cells

A

Phagocytes engulf microorganisms
Lymphocytes produce antibodies
Have a nucleus

48
Q

What is the role of platelets

A

Small fragments of cells that help blood clot at a wound, which stops blood pouring out and microorganisms getting in

49
Q

What is the role of plasma

A

Straw coloured liquid carries- red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acids, CO2, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins

50
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

When the coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fatty materials building up and there is lack of oxygen

51
Q

What r stents

A

Tubes inserted inside the arteries that keep them open

52
Q

What r statins

A

Drugs that reduce the amount of LDL or ‘bad’ cholesterol in the bloodstream

53
Q

Advantages of statins

A

Reduce risk of stokes, heart attacks and coronary heart disease.
Increases the amount of beneficial HDL cholesterol in bloodstream.
May also help to prevent other diseases

54
Q

Disadvantages of statins

A

Long term drug and could be forgotten.
Takes time for effect to kick in.
Side effects: headaches, kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss

55
Q

Advantage of artificial hearts

A

Less likely to be rejected as they are made of plastics or metals

56
Q

Disadvantage of artificial heart

A

Surgery can lead to bleeding and infection, blood doesn’t flow as easily which can lead to blood clots and stokes so patient need to take pill to thin their blood, this could problems with bleeding if they get hurt in an accident

57
Q

What is artificial blood used for

A

It is a salt substitute that is used to replace the missing volume of blood which can give the body time to produce new red blood cells

58
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

Spread form person to person or between animals and people.

eg. Measles or malaria

59
Q

What is a non-communicable disease

A

Can not spread between animals or people. Generally last a long time and get worse.
eg. Asthma, cancer and coronary heart disease

60
Q

What r risk factors

A

Factors that increase the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime

61
Q

What r the costs of non-communicable diseases

A

Human cost- tens of millions die each year

Financial cost- NHS, and any other health services across the world, research and treatment costs are massive

62
Q

What is uncontrolled growth and division a result of

A

Changes to cells that result in a tumour

63
Q

What does benign mean

A

Tumour grows until there’s no more room then stops. Stays in one place.
Not cancerous

64
Q

What does malignant mean

A

Tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues. Cells can travel in the bloodstream and form secondary tumours elsewhere

65
Q

What risk factors can increase chances of cancer

A 
Smoking
Obesity
UV exposure 
Viral infection 
Inherited faulty genes
Mutations in the BRCA genes
66
Q

What is epidermal tissue

A

This covers the whole plant and has a waxy cuticle which reduces water loss

67
Q

What is palisade mesophyll tissue

A

This is the part of the leaf where most photosynthesis occurs and contains lots of chloroplasts. Near the top of the leaf where it can get most light

68
Q

What is spongy mesophyll tissue

A

Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells

69
Q

What is meristem tissue

A

Found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell

70
Q

Function and structure of phloem

A

Transport food substances mainly dissolved sugars
Columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls for cell sap.
Transport goes in both directions.
Translocation

71
Q

Function and structure of xylem

A

Carry water and mineral ions from roots to stems and leaves.
Made of dead cells with no end walls but a hole down the middle.
Strengthened with lignin.
Transpiration

72
Q

What is transpiration

A

Loss of water from leaves through evaporation and diffusion

73
Q

What is transpiration rate affected by

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Air flow
Humidity

74
Q

How can you estimate the rate of transpiration of a plant

A

Measure the water uptake of the plant as it is directly related

75
Q

When do guard cells become flaccid

A

When the plant is short of water the guard cells lose water and make the stomata close. This helps stop too much water vapour escaping

76
Q

When do guard cells become turgid

A

When the plant has too much water and the guard cells fill, making the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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