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Biology Paper 1 > 1-Cell Biology > Flashcards

1-Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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2
Q

What is the role of cytoplasm

A

Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions occur.
Contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions

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3
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane

A

Holds cell together and controls what goes in or out

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4
Q

What is the role of mitochondria

A

Where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place

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5
Q

What is the role of a ribosome

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

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6
Q

What is the role of a cell wall

A

Supports and strengthens the cell.

Made of cellulose

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7
Q

What is the role of the vacuole

A

Contains cell sap- a weak solution of sugar and salts

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8
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis occurs

Contains chlorophyll

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9
Q

What is the role of chlorophyll

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis

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10
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

A single celled organism

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11
Q

What are the two types of microscope

A

Light and electron

Electron has higher magnification

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12
Q

What is resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points

Higher resolution gives sharper image

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13
Q

How do you calculate magnification

A

Image size/real size

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14
Q

What stain could you add to a slide

A

Iodine solution

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15
Q

Why r stains added to slides

A

They r added to highlight objects in a cell by giving colour to them

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16
Q

What is a cover slip

A

A square of thin, transparent plastic or glass

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17
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised

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18
Q

How r sperm cells specialised for reproduction

A

Long tail and streamlined head to swim to the egg
Lots of mitochondria for energy
Carries enzymes to digest through the egg cell membrane

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19
Q

How r nerve cells specialised for rapid signalling

A

Long to cover more distance

Branched connections to connect to other cells and form a network through the body

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20
Q

How r muscle cells specialised for contraction

A

Long- space to contract

Lots of mitochondria for energy

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21
Q

How r root hair cells specialised for absorbing water and minerals

A

Large surface area fro absorbing lots of water and minerals from the soil

22
Q

How is the phloem specialised to transport food

A

Have very few sub cellular structures to allow food to move easier
Moves in both directions

23
Q

How is the xylem specialised to transport water

A

It is hollow with large holes at the end to allow water and mineral to pass through easily

24
Q

What r chromosomes

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

25
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

23 pairs

26
Q

What r the two main stages in the cell cycle

A

Growth & DNA replication

Mitosis

27
Q

Briefly explain mitosis

A
  • Cell grows
  • DNA duplicates
  • Chromosomes line up at equator
  • Spindle fibres pull them apart to opposite poles
  • Membranes form around both sets
  • These become nuclei
  • Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
  • Two daughter cells produced
28
Q

What is a daughter cell

A

Contain the exact same DNA

29
Q

What cells replicate through binary fission

A

Prokaryotic cells

30
Q

Briefly explain binary fission

A
  • Circular DNA and plasmids replicate
  • Cell gets bigger
  • DNA moves to opposite sides of the cell
  • Cytoplasm divides
  • Two daughter cell produced
31
Q

What is a culture medium

A

Contains the carbohydrates, minerals, proteins and vitamins that bacteria need to grow

32
Q

What is used to transfer microorganisms to the culture medium

A

An inoculating loop

Sterile dropping pipettes and spreader can also be used

33
Q

What is the clear area where the bacteria have died called

A

Inhibition zone

34
Q

What is an undifferentiated cell

A

They can differentiate into different types of cells depending on what instructions their given

35
Q

Where can stem cells been found

A

Human embryos

Adult bone marrow

36
Q

What can bone marrow stem cells be used for

A

Can replace faulty blood cells

37
Q

What can embryonic cells be used for

A

Replace faulty cells
Insulin producing cells
Nerve cells

38
Q

What are the risks of using stem cells in medicine

A

May become contaminated with a virus and then passed onto the patient

39
Q

Why r some people against stem cell research

A

They consider that the human embryos are potential human life

40
Q

Where r stem cells found in plants and what r they used for

A

Found in the meristems

Can be used for producing clones, disease resistant crops, reproducing rare species

41
Q

What is diffusion

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower conc

42
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water conc to a region of lower conc

43
Q

What is active transport

A

Allows plants or animals to absorb minerals and nutrients against the concentration gradient but uses energy

44
Q

How easy it is to exchange substances with environment depends on what

A

The organism’s surface area to volume ratio

45
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise effectiveness

A 
Thin membrane- short diffusion distance
Large surface area
In animals, lots of blood vessels
Gas exchange surfaces are ventilated
Moist lining for dissolving gases in alveoli
46
Q

What is used for gas exchange in the lungs

A

Alveoli

47
Q

What is used to quickly digest food in the small intestine

A

Villi

48
Q

What is a stomata

A

Holes on the underneath of a leaf where gas is exchanged

49
Q

What do the guard cells do

A

Control the size of the stomata

Close the stomata if the plant is losing too much water

50
Q

What is the role of lamellae

A

On gill filaments in fish
Increase SA
Lots of blood capillaries to speed up diffusion

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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