#3: H and P Flashcards
1
Q
Frontal lobe functions: (3)
A
Personality, behavior, emotions (PFC)
Repetitive movement
Voluntary muscle movement
2
Q
Parietal lobe functions: (1)
A
processes sensory information
3
Q
Occipital lobe functions: (1)
A
processes visual data
4
Q
Temporal lobe functions: (4)
A
processing sensory input
storing new memories
emotions and deriving meaning
comprehending language and speech
5
Q
Basal ganglia functions and location: (5)
A
- Regulates the activity of motor cortex and the descending motor pathways (MOVEMENT)
- Directs intentional movements (releases inhibitions for voluntary movements)
- Enables practiced gross motor acts (walking)
- Helps maintain muscle tone
- Helps to maintain posture
- Located: base of the cerebrum
6
Q
The limbic system components: (5)
A
- Amygdala
- hippocampus
- thalamus
- pituitary gland
- hypothalamus
7
Q
Limbic system function: (3)
A
- Connects mind and body
- Mediates EMOTION responses and behavioral patterns
- Controls ANS:
- –Cardiac, respiratory and metabolic functions
- –consciousness
- –regulating the sleep cycle
8
Q
Brainstem components: (3)
A
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
9
Q
Brainstem functions: (1)
A
-Controls motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves
10
Q
Brainstem location:
A
pathway between cerebral cortex and spinal cord
11
Q
Cerebellum location:
A
base of the brain
12
Q
Cerebellum functions: (4)
A
- Uses sensory and motor input to coordinate motor activity
- Tweaks the “fine” motor commands of the descending pathways to make movements more adaptive and accurate
- Maintains equilibrium
- Controls posture
13
Q
Cranial nerves are named based on:
A
- Named in order of their exit from the brainstem (superior to inferior)
- Also, related to their function
14
Q
Spinal nerves are named based on:
A
region of the spine from which they exit
15
Q
Spinal nerve branches:
A
- 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8)
- 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T12)
- 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L5)
- 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves (S1-S5)
- 1 pair of coccyx spinal nerve
16
Q
Dermatome: S5
A
anal sphincter
17
Q
Dermatome: C5
A
skin over the deltoid
18
Q
Dermatome: C6
A
thumb
19
Q
Dermatome: C7
A
middle finger
20
Q
Dermatome: C8
A
little finger
21
Q
Dermatome: L4
A
medial ankle [malleolus])
22
Q
Dermatome: L5
A
Web space between the Big Toe and the Second toe
23
Q
Dermatome: S1
A
lateral foot and heal
24
Q
Dermatome: T4
A
nipple level
25
Dermatome: T10
umbilicus
26
How does the brain process a returning sensory pathway that enters at the thalamus: (5 places)
- sensory cortex for processing of memory bank
- back to thalamus
- then to hypothalamus, which releases chemicals corresponding to emotional state
- then to amygdala, where emotional perceptions occur
- finally to motor pathway via descending tract
27
Ultimately, all higher level motor pathways affect movement through the ___________ AKA the _____________
lower motor neurons, AKA: "the final common pathway"
28
A lesion in any of the motor pathways will affect ______ and _______ activity
movement and reflex activity
29
Upper motor neurons (UMN) originate in the:
motor region of the cerebral cortex and transmit motor information down the spinal cord to the anterior horn
30
UMN are part of this system:
CNS
31
Characteristic findings associated with UMN Syndrome: (7)
```
1- Muscle spasticity
2- Decreased muscle strength (little/no muscle atrophy)
3- Decreased coordination and dexterity
4- Hyperactive DTRs
5- Positive Babinski sign
6- Positive ankle clonus
7- No fasciculation
```
32
Some etiologies of UMN dz:
- Stroke
- Spinal cord injury
- Multiple sclerosis
- Cerebral Palsy
- Mass
- CNS Infection (meningitis, encephalitis, Lyme disease)
33
UMN Dz of the Basal Ganglia associated SXS: (4)
- Changes in muscle tone (usually increased): rigidity, dystonia, and bradykinesia
- Disturbance in posture and gait
- Slow/lack of spontaneous or automatic movement
- Various involuntary movements: resting tremors, chorea, tardive dyskinesia
* Parkinson’s and Huntington’s dz
34
tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movement of the tongue
35
chorea
writhing movements of the body
36
bradykinesia
slowness of movements
37
dystonia
Involuntary abnormal posture
38
rigidity
difficult to bend joints
39
dysdiadochokinesia
unable to perform rapid alternating movements
40
dysmetria
Unable to target an object (finger to nose testing)
41
Ataxia
Impaired coordination, gait and equilibrium
42
UMN Dz of the Cerebellum associated SXS: (4)
- Impaired coordination, gait and equilibrium
- Dysmetria
- Dysdiadochokinesia
43
Lower motor neurons located:
distal to the anterior horn of the spinal cord and extending to the peripheral nerves
44
SXS associated w/ LMN Syndrome: (9)
- Muscle flaccidity
- Weakness or paralysis
- Muscle atrophy
- Decreased muscle tone and strength
- Hyporeflexia or areflexia of DTR
- Fasciculation
- Possible steppage gait
- Negative clonus
- Negative Babinski sign
45
LMN Syndrome is caused by:
any injury or lesions that occur distal to the anterior horn of spinal cord and interrupt the spinal muscle reflex arc
46
Some etiologies of LMN Syndrome: (5)
- Any injury to the peripheral nerves
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Cauda equina syndrome
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome
- Post polio syndrome
47
Categories of a Four Score: (4)
1- eye response
2- motor response
3- brainstem reflex
4- respirations
48
Categories of a GCS: (3)
1- eye opening
2- motor response
3- verbal response
49
Explain how to calculate a GCS:
- eye opening (4 pts): spontaneous>open to verbal command>open to pain>no opening
- verbal response (5 pts): oriented>confused>inappropriate words-3 pts>incomprehensible sounds>no words
- motor response (6 pts): obeys commands>localizes pain-5 pts>withdrawals to pain-4 pts>flex to pain-3 pts>extend to pain-2 pts>no response-1 pt
50
this is a prerequisite for further mental status testing:
adequate state of arousal
51
defect in muscle control of tongue, lips, palate
dysarthria
52
disorder in understanding or producing language
aphasia
53
A visual spacial defect likely indicates an injury to the
parietal lobe
54
main source of executive function
prefrontal cortex
55
early indicators of executive dysfunction
impairments in insight and judgement
56
impaired insight associated with:
psych disorders
57
impaired judgement associated with:
- delirium
- dementia
- MRDD
58
fixed, false belief(s); resistant to change, even in the face of overwhelming contradictory evidence
delusions
59
the perception of a sensory process in the absence of an external source
hallucinations
60
Fabrication of facts or events in response to questions
conflabulation
61
invented or distorted words or words with new meaning
neologisms
62
MMSE point system:
- out of 30 pts
- >24: normal
- 19-23: mild
- 10-18: moderate
- <9: severe
