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KC Neurology Module > #3: H and P > Flashcards

#3: H and P Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal lobe functions: (3)

A

Personality, behavior, emotions (PFC)
Repetitive movement
Voluntary muscle movement

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2
Q

Parietal lobe functions: (1)

A

processes sensory information

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3
Q

Occipital lobe functions: (1)

A

processes visual data

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4
Q

Temporal lobe functions: (4)

A

processing sensory input
storing new memories
emotions and deriving meaning
comprehending language and speech

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5
Q

Basal ganglia functions and location: (5)

A
  • Regulates the activity of motor cortex and the descending motor pathways (MOVEMENT)
  • Directs intentional movements (releases inhibitions for voluntary movements)
  • Enables practiced gross motor acts (walking)
  • Helps maintain muscle tone
  • Helps to maintain posture
  • Located: base of the cerebrum
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6
Q

The limbic system components: (5)

A
  • Amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • thalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • hypothalamus
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7
Q

Limbic system function: (3)

A
  • Connects mind and body
  • Mediates EMOTION responses and behavioral patterns
  • Controls ANS:
  • –Cardiac, respiratory and metabolic functions
  • –consciousness
  • –regulating the sleep cycle
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8
Q

Brainstem components: (3)

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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9
Q

Brainstem functions: (1)

A

-Controls motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves

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10
Q

Brainstem location:

A

pathway between cerebral cortex and spinal cord

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11
Q

Cerebellum location:

A

base of the brain

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12
Q

Cerebellum functions: (4)

A
  • Uses sensory and motor input to coordinate motor activity
  • Tweaks the “fine” motor commands of the descending pathways to make movements more adaptive and accurate
  • Maintains equilibrium
  • Controls posture
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13
Q

Cranial nerves are named based on:

A
  • Named in order of their exit from the brainstem (superior to inferior)
  • Also, related to their function
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14
Q

Spinal nerves are named based on:

A

region of the spine from which they exit

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15
Q

Spinal nerve branches:

A
  • 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8)
  • 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T12)
  • 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L5)
  • 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves (S1-S5)
  • 1 pair of coccyx spinal nerve
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16
Q

Dermatome: S5

A

anal sphincter

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17
Q

Dermatome: C5

A

skin over the deltoid

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18
Q

Dermatome: C6

A

thumb

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19
Q

Dermatome: C7

A

middle finger

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20
Q

Dermatome: C8

A

little finger

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21
Q

Dermatome: L4

A

medial ankle [malleolus])

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22
Q

Dermatome: L5

A

Web space between the Big Toe and the Second toe

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23
Q

Dermatome: S1

A

lateral foot and heal

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24
Q

Dermatome: T4

A

nipple level

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25
Q

Dermatome: T10

A

umbilicus

26
Q

How does the brain process a returning sensory pathway that enters at the thalamus: (5 places)

A
  • sensory cortex for processing of memory bank
  • back to thalamus
  • then to hypothalamus, which releases chemicals corresponding to emotional state
  • then to amygdala, where emotional perceptions occur
  • finally to motor pathway via descending tract
27
Q

Ultimately, all higher level motor pathways affect movement through the ___________ AKA the _____________

A

lower motor neurons, AKA: “the final common pathway”

28
Q

A lesion in any of the motor pathways will affect ______ and _______ activity

A

movement and reflex activity

29
Q

Upper motor neurons (UMN) originate in the:

A

motor region of the cerebral cortex and transmit motor information down the spinal cord to the anterior horn

30
Q

UMN are part of this system:

A

CNS

31
Q

Characteristic findings associated with UMN Syndrome: (7)

A 
1- Muscle spasticity
2-  Decreased muscle strength (little/no muscle atrophy)
3- Decreased coordination and dexterity
4- Hyperactive DTRs
5- Positive Babinski sign
6- Positive ankle clonus
7- No fasciculation
32
Q

Some etiologies of UMN dz:

A
  • Stroke
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Cerebral Palsy
  • Mass
  • CNS Infection (meningitis, encephalitis, Lyme disease)
33
Q

UMN Dz of the Basal Ganglia associated SXS: (4)

A
  • Changes in muscle tone (usually increased): rigidity, dystonia, and bradykinesia
  • Disturbance in posture and gait
  • Slow/lack of spontaneous or automatic movement
  • Various involuntary movements: resting tremors, chorea, tardive dyskinesia
  • Parkinson’s and Huntington’s dz
34
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

involuntary movement of the tongue

35
Q

chorea

A

writhing movements of the body

36
Q

bradykinesia

A

slowness of movements

37
Q

dystonia

A

Involuntary abnormal posture

38
Q

rigidity

A

difficult to bend joints

39
Q

dysdiadochokinesia

A

unable to perform rapid alternating movements

40
Q

dysmetria

A

Unable to target an object (finger to nose testing)

41
Q

Ataxia

A

Impaired coordination, gait and equilibrium

42
Q

UMN Dz of the Cerebellum associated SXS: (4)

A
  • Impaired coordination, gait and equilibrium
  • Dysmetria
  • Dysdiadochokinesia
43
Q

Lower motor neurons located:

A

distal to the anterior horn of the spinal cord and extending to the peripheral nerves

44
Q

SXS associated w/ LMN Syndrome: (9)

A
  • Muscle flaccidity
  • Weakness or paralysis
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Decreased muscle tone and strength
  • Hyporeflexia or areflexia of DTR
  • Fasciculation
  • Possible steppage gait
  • Negative clonus
  • Negative Babinski sign
45
Q

LMN Syndrome is caused by:

A

any injury or lesions that occur distal to the anterior horn of spinal cord and interrupt the spinal muscle reflex arc

46
Q

Some etiologies of LMN Syndrome: (5)

A
  • Any injury to the peripheral nerves
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Cauda equina syndrome
  • Guillain-Barre Syndrome
  • Post polio syndrome
47
Q

Categories of a Four Score: (4)

A

1- eye response
2- motor response
3- brainstem reflex
4- respirations

48
Q

Categories of a GCS: (3)

A

1- eye opening
2- motor response
3- verbal response

49
Q

Explain how to calculate a GCS:

A
  • eye opening (4 pts): spontaneous>open to verbal command>open to pain>no opening
  • verbal response (5 pts): oriented>confused>inappropriate words-3 pts>incomprehensible sounds>no words
  • motor response (6 pts): obeys commands>localizes pain-5 pts>withdrawals to pain-4 pts>flex to pain-3 pts>extend to pain-2 pts>no response-1 pt
50
Q

this is a prerequisite for further mental status testing:

A

adequate state of arousal

51
Q

defect in muscle control of tongue, lips, palate

A

dysarthria

52
Q

disorder in understanding or producing language

A

aphasia

53
Q

A visual spacial defect likely indicates an injury to the

A

parietal lobe

54
Q

main source of executive function

A

prefrontal cortex

55
Q

early indicators of executive dysfunction

A

impairments in insight and judgement

56
Q

impaired insight associated with:

A

psych disorders

57
Q

impaired judgement associated with:

A
  • delirium
  • dementia
  • MRDD
58
Q

fixed, false belief(s); resistant to change, even in the face of overwhelming contradictory evidence

A

delusions

59
Q

the perception of a sensory process in the absence of an external source

A

hallucinations

60
Q

Fabrication of facts or events in response to questions

A

conflabulation

61
Q

invented or distorted words or words with new meaning

A

neologisms

62
Q

MMSE point system:

A
  • out of 30 pts
  • > 24: normal
  • 19-23: mild
  • 10-18: moderate
  • <9: severe

KC Neurology Module (11 decks)

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