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D1 - Flashcards > 3. Growing Environment > Flashcards

3. Growing Environment Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between full sun and only 1/3 sun

A

Full sun means a location receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight, while 1/3 (or partial shade) generally refers to 3 to 6 hours of sunlight, often in the morning or evening.

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2
Q

what are enzymes

A

typically proteins, that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
essential for various biological processes, including digestion, respiration, and muscle function.

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3
Q

What is the difference between grape transpiration and respiration

A

Transpiration in grapes refers to the loss of water vapor from the plant, primarily through stomata on the leaves. Respiration, on the other hand, is the process by which grapes generate energy for growth and other life functions, consuming sugars and oxygen, and releasing carbon dioxide and water. Essentially, transpiration is water loss, while respiration is the process of burning sugars for energy.

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4
Q

why is malic acid used for grape respiration

A

Malic acid is used in grape respiration, particularly after véraison as a primary source of energy for berry development.
When sugar availability declines due to chlorophyll degradation, berries switch to using malic acid as a respiratory substrate

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5
Q

What are the latitude lines and their hours of daylight at summer solstice

A
  • Polar day ( 6 months of day)
  • Arctic Circle (66.5 degrees N) – 24
    hours of daylight
  • Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees N) – 13.5 hours of daylight
  • Equator (0 degrees) – 12 hours of
    daylight
  • Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees S)
    – 10.5 hours of daylight
  • Antarctic Circle (66.5 degrees
    S) – 0 hours of daylight
  • Polor night ( 6 months of night)
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6
Q

Give example of a new latitude wine growing region

A

Serra Gaúcha/south of Brazil (29 S degrees)

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7
Q

what is Ultraviolet radiation

A

radiation with a lower wavelength than visible sunlight)

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8
Q

Give example of a high latitude wine region (closer to poles) with low altitudes to facilitate production of quality grape and state why

A
  • ei. Burgundy (47 degrees N) and Loire Valley, cool-moderate climate, 50m-250m, 10% altitude of previous example
    • (otherwise too cold to ripen)
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9
Q

Give example of a low latitude wine region (closer to equator) with high altitudes to facilitate production of quality grapes

A
  • Low latitude sites have high-altitude sites
    • (otherwise be too hot).
    • Examples; There are vineyards in Salta Province, Argentina (a low latitude region 26 degrees) planted at up to approximately 3,000 m above sea level
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10
Q

Give example of a wine region with high Diurnal Range

A
  • Example; Ribera del Duero
    • temperature reaches 30 degrees Celsius in the afternoon
    • drops to 10 degrees Celsius by nightfall
      retain acidity in grapes but risk of frost is high
      Producer; Bendito Destino
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11
Q

Marginal climate

A

Refers to a climate region that is on the edge of a particular zone and faces challenges in growing certain crops

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12
Q

Example of 2 finger lakes and their depths

A

Eg.
Canandaigua Lake (80m)
Keuka Lake (57m)
Seneca Lake (193m)
Cayuga Lake (133m)

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13
Q

Despite their equal latitude (Bordeaux & Willamette Valley) what are their average growing season temperatures

A

Bordeaux: 17.7
Willamette: 15.79

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14
Q

Give an example of an ocean current effecting temperatures in a given locality

A

Benguela Current affects the Western Cape, South Africa, dropping temperatures around walker bay & false bay by 2-3 degrees

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15
Q

What is the difference between median temperatures Petaluma Gap AVA and Napa Valley Region due to cool air received by Petaluma Gap

A

3 degrees cooler
Napa Valley; 20 degrees
Petaluma Gap: 17 degrees

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16
Q

How quick is the Mistral wind

A

60km

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17
Q

What causes the mistral wind?

A
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18
Q

what is a leeward side of mountain

A

side of a mountain range which is facing away from the prevailing wind

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19
Q

what is a foehn wind

A

warm, dry, downslope wind that occurs on the leeward side of a mountain range

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20
Q

Give an example of a type of foehn wind

A

Zonda wind in Mendoza (Argentina)

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21
Q

raising soil temperatures stimulates budburst due to

A

encourages the breakdown of starch in the roots

22
Q

what is an example of a light coloured soil

A

belemnite, micraster

23
Q

what are belemnite soils made from

A

fossils; are the preserved remains of extinct squid-like marine animal

24
Q

what are micraster soils made from

A

chalk soils contain fossils of the extinct sea urchin

25
give regional example of dark coloured soils and its benefits to quality of grapes
Example; Etna Dark soils allow development of colour and degradation of acidity to continue during night aids ripening for Nerello Mascalese from ETNA. Very high acid, so needs long ripening
26
How are mists formed?
- warm air is rapidly cooled (causing water vapour in the air to condense into tiny water droplets) - gas turning into a liquid (condensation) - tiny droplets of water collecting in the air, just above an area of ground or water
27
what is the difference between fog and mist
More dense than mist (ei. cant see beyond 1 km)
28
Give an example of an area that experiences fogs & explain the factors influencing fog
Howell Mountain of Napa Valley when cooler air from the San Pablo Bay/Pacific Ocean meets the warmer air of Napa Valley
29
What is the process of condensation
Condensation is the process where a substance, often water vapor, transitions from a gaseous state to a liquid state
30
Term; diurnal range
is the average difference between day-time and night-time temperatures.
31
What is the difference between Huglin and the GDD?
the HI is a variation on the GDD, incorporating factors like latitude-dependent day length and using daytime temperatures instead of the 24-hour average used in GDD calculations. Huglin seperates into 2 bands, GDD has 5
32
What are the steps in calculating the Huglin index?
- add the maximum daily temperature to the minimum daily temperature and divide by 2. - Subtract 10 from the result. - Multiply this by the coefficient that depends on the length of daylight hours.
33
What are the steps in calculating GDD
- subtract 10 (50 for Fahrenheit) from the monthly average temperature in Celsius - Multiply this by the number of days in that month - Make the same calculation for each month in the growing season - add together
34
What months of the growing seasons does GDD use for calculations
April to October in the Northern Hemisphere October to April in the Southern **flowering - harvest
35
What are the steps in calculating the Mean Temperature of the Warmest Month (MJT)
- It utilizes mean daily temperatures from warmest month (July or January based on the hemisphere). - averaging the daily high and low temperatures for each day of the warmest month (add together and divide by 2). - average all the daily average temperatures from the warmest month to obtain the MJT
36
how to calculate degree days for MJT
- Degree days; - Start with average temperatures for each day of the warmest month - Then, subtract a base temperature (10°C) from that average. The result is the number of degree days for that day - Add up the degree days for each day in the month to get the total degree days for the month.
37
How to calculate GROWING SEASON TEMPERATURE (GST)
analyzes mean temperatures over the entire growing season
38
What are the climate bands for GST. list the average temperature range and a regional example
Cool climates – regions with an average GST of 16.5°C (62°F) or below. Example; Germany, Mosel, Bernkastel (50 degree N) Moderate climates – regions with an average GST of 16.5–18.5°C (62–65°F). Example; Bordeaux, (45 degree N) Warm climates – regions with an average GST of 18.5–21°C (65–70°F). Example; Southern France, Marseille (43 degree N) Hot climates – regions with an average GST in excess of 21°C (70°F). Example; Jerez de la Frontera (37 degrees N)
39
Term; Weather
A region’s weather is the annual (vintage) variation that happens relative to the climatic average.
40
Give example of region that experiences Large Annual Differences of weather
(Bordeaux) - located at 45 degrees north latitude. - Rainfall in Bordeaux can vary - 2013 experienced a cold, wet Spring & humid/rainy harvest leading to reduced yields. - The 2016 growing season featured favorable weather, improving quality and volume. - Variations in rainfall and temperature affect flowering/fruit set and harvest outcomes.
41
Give example of region that experiences Small Annual Differences of weather
- Central Valley, California has predictable weather patterns. - The region experiences hot and dry conditions each growing season. - Napa, California recorded 0mm of rainfall in August from 2016 to 2019.
42
Define Vintage Variation
- Weather significantly affects wine style and quality (in that year), known as vintage variation.
43
Give an example of Rising Temperatures (climate change)
In Portugal 2017, the Douro River dried up for the first time ever. Then, in May 2018, 12% of our annual rainfall fell in just one hour, which was particularly disastrous given the steep terracing of Douro vineyards
44
Give example of how the wine industry is reacting to climate change
- Torres aims to reduce CO2 emissions per bottle by 50% by 2030 - The targets are based on emissions from the entire production cycle, from vineyard to transport. - Torres operates estates in Spain, Chile, and the US. - The company invests 11% of its annual profits in renewable energy and electric cars, water saving initiatives. - Torres is also involved in biodiversity schemes, including reforesting 6,000 hectares in Chile.
45
What are the 2 most abundant minerals in grape juice
Calcium and Potassium
46
What is the process of buffering
Is the interactions between acids and salts (minerals) that allow the wine to resist PH changes
47
List positive and negatives of Potassium
Positive 1. aids sugar accumulation in grapes supporting vine growth 2. water regulation (transpiration) Negative (in excess) 1. aids formation of tartrate crystals which can result in higher PH 2. Higher PH it more alkaline therefore reducing microbiological & anthocyanin stability 3. hinder magnesium uptake 4. affects wine quality and yields
48
how much tannins do the pips contain
20-55% of total polyphenols in berry
49
give 3 examples of three anthocyanin compounds and the plants to which they give colour to
- Malvidin (mallow-purple) - Peonidin (peonies-pink) - Cyanidin (cornflower-blue)
50
what is the compound that gives compounds their white colour
yellow pigments called Flavonols found in the grape skin

D1 - Flashcards (12 decks)

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