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Developmental Biology > 3. Gametogenesis > Flashcards

3. Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Gametes? There are two (2).

A
  1. Ova (♀)
  2. Spermatozoa (♂)
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2
Q

What are the Spermatozoa (♂)? There are two (2).

A
  1. Germ cells (germ plasm)
  2. Somatic cells (somatoplasm)
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3
Q

(germ plasm)

A

Germ cells

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4
Q

(somatoplasm)

A

Somatic cells

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5
Q

What are the Gametogenesis? There are two (2).

A
  1. Oogenesis (♀)
  2. Spermatogenesis (♂)
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6
Q

What are the Phases of Gametogenesis? There are four (4).

A
  1. Origin of the germ cells and their migration to the gonads
  2. Multiplication of the germ cells in the gonads through the process of mitosis
  3. Reduction of the number of chromosomes by one-half by meiosis
  4. Final stages of maturation and differentiation of the gametes into spermatozoa or ova
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7
Q

Phases of Gametogenesis

Fill in the blanks.

  1. Origin of the germ cells and their migration to the _______
A

gonads

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8
Q

Phases of Gametogenesis

Fill in the blanks.

  1. Multiplication of the germ cells in the gonads through the process of _________.
A

mitosis

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9
Q

Phases of Gametogenesis

Fill in the blanks.

  1. Reduction of the number of chromosomes by one-half by ________
A

meiosis

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10
Q

Phases of Gametogenesis

Fill in the blanks.

  1. Final stages of __________ and ________ of the gametes into spermatozoa or ova.
A

maturation, differentiation

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11
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

For frogs and invertebrates, the _______ is recognized early in life as regions in the vegetal pole cytoplasm of the zygote or as specific cells during cleavage stage. What is this?

A

germplasm

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12
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

The germ-cell lineage can be traced through ______ (in cells near the vegetal pole) and into the endodermal floor of the primitive gut.

A

cleavage

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13
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

In Birds, Reptiles & Mammals, the primordial germ cells
(PGC) arise in the ________ of early embryo. What is this?

A

epiblast

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14
Q

It is the embryonic precursors of sperm and egg that pass on genetic and epigenetic information from one generation to the next. What is this?

A

Primordial germ cells (PGCs)

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15
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

In Birds, the __________ is located beyond the head region of the embryo. What is this?

A

germinal crescent

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16
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

In Mammals, the posterior wall of the yolk sac near the region of the __________. What is this?

A

allantois

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17
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

In Urodele Amphibians (salamanders), it arise from embryonic mesoderm cells form through the influence of ventral endodermal yolk mass different from _______. What is this?

A

Anurans

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18
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

Regardless of origin, the Primordial Germ Cell (PGC) is recognizable due to ________ and _______. What are these?

A

large size
clear cytoplasm

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19
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

What is the histochemical characteristics of Mammals?

A

High alkaline phosphatase activity

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20
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

What is the histochemical characteristics of Birds?

A

high glycogen content

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21
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

What is the histochemical characteristics of Birds and Mammals?

A

monoclonal Ab’s

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22
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

In vertebrates, the PGC migrate to the gonads by two principal mechanisms. What are these?

A
  1. They pass through the walls of blood vessels and enter the circulation. From the blood, penetrate the blood vessels and settle down in gonads. (birds and reptiles)
  2. They reach the gonads by migration around the wall of the posterior gut and then through the dorsal mesentery; guided by extracellular matrix molecules, laminin and fibronectin within the mesentery
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23
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

In vertebrates, the PGC migrate to the gonads by two principal mechanisms.

  1. They pass through the walls of ___________ and enter the circulation. From the blood, it penetrate the blood vessels and settle down in ________. (birds and reptiles)
A

blood vessels
gonads

24
Q

Origin of the Germ cells

In vertebrates, the PGC migrate to the gonads by two principal mechanisms.

  1. They reach the gonads by migration around the wall of the __________ and then through the dorsal mesentery which are guided by extracellular matrix molecules, laminin and fibronectin within the mesentery.
A

posterior gut

25
**Origin of the Germ cells** In **vertebrates**, the PGC migrate to the gonads by two principal mechanisms. 1. They pass through the walls of blood vessels and enter the circulation. From the blood, penetrate the blood vessels and settle down in gonads. (birds and reptiles) 2. They reach the gonads by migration around the wall of the posterior gut and then through the dorsal mesentery which are guided by __________, ________ and ________ within the mesentery. What are these three (3)?
1. extracellular matrix molecules 2. laminin 3. fibronectin
26
In Proliferation of Germ Cells by Mitosis, once settled in the gonads, ___________ enter proliferative phase and increase their number by mitosis. What is this?
primordial germ cells (PGCs)
27
In Proliferation of Germ Cells by Mitosis, it is the active germ cells mitotically in ♀. What is this?
Oogonia
28
In Proliferation of Germ Cells by Mitosis, in human ♀, intense mitotic activity between 2nd – 5th mos. of pregnancy have 7M oogonia, then falls sharply due to ________ (natural degeneration). What is this?
atresia
29
In Proliferation of Germ Cells by Mitosis, by 7th month, most oogonia have entered prophase of 1st meiotic division becoming primary _________. (end of proliferative phase of oogenesis). What is this?
oocytes
30
In Proliferation of Germ Cells by Mitosis, in nonmammalian vertebrates, _________ are capable of dividing throughout reproductive cycle.
oogonia
31
In Proliferation of Germ Cells by Mitosis, in human ♂, beginning at puberty, mitosis produces __________ that enter meiosis and this continues as long as the male is capable of reproduction. What is this?
spermatocytes
32
What is the reproductive role of the human male?
to produce sperm and deliver them to the vagina of the female.
33
What does the penis deposits in the vagina during sexual intercourse?
semen
34
This glands produce a fluid called semen for carrying the sperm to the penis. What is this?
Accessory glands
35
In Human Male Testis, the testes produce sperm and the male sex hormone called?
testosterone
36
These are essential structures for sperm production. What is this?
seminiferous tubules
37
It is the process of sperm cell development. What is this?
spermatogenesis
38
In seminiferous tubules, it is the protective layer. What is this?
tunica albuginea
39
Sperm cells formed in the?
seminiferous tubules
40
Sperm cells formed in the seminiferous tubules travel through the _______ and efferent ducts to reach the epididymis which consists of the head, body, and tail. What is this?
rete testis
41
It serves as the site for sperm maturation and storage before they pass into the ductus deferens for eventual ejaculation. What is this?
epididymis
42
The entire structure is enclosed within the _________, which helps regulate temperature for optimal sperm production. What is this?
scrotal cavity
43
The ____________, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and the ductus deferens, connects the testis to the rest of the male reproductive system. What is this?
spermatic cord
44
The human female reproductive system consists of? There are five (5).
1. Two ovaries 2. Two uterine tubes/oviduct 3. The uterus 4. The vagina 5. External genitalia
45
The mammary glands contained in the paired breasts produce ________ for the newborn baby.
milk
46
The human female uterus consists of three main layers. What are these?
1. Perimetrium 2. Myometrium 3. Endometrium
47
In human female uterus, this provides structural support. What is this?
perimetrium
48
In human female uterus, a thick muscular layer responsible for contractions during childbirth. What is this?
myometrium
49
In human female uterus, a vascular inner lining that thickens during the menstrual cycle to support embryo implantation. What is this?
endometrium
50
It is the production of gametes. What is this?
Gametogenesis
51
It is the formation of sperm, is continuous and prolific. Hundreds of millions of sperm are produced per day; each sperm takes about 7 weeks to develop. What is this?
Spermatogenesis
52
Mature sperm have three distinct pieces. What are these?
1. Head (Acrosome) 2. Mid-piece 3. Tail
53
Testes contain one to three coiled _____. What is this?
seminiferous tubules
54
It is the development of a mature egg, is a prolonged process. Immature eggs form in the female embryo but do not complete their development until years or decades later. What is this?
Oogenesis
55

Developmental Biology (3 decks)

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