1. Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
The greatest progressive minds of embryology have not looked for hypotheses; they have looked at embryos.
A
Jane Oppenheimer (1955)
2
Q
Developmental Biology is the merging of two sciences that are intricately intertwined in the development of the organisms. What are these?
A
Embryology and Genetics
3
Q
Developmental Biology is ____ among all other biological sciences.
A
unique
4
Q
Developmental Biology is the __________ of life.
A
central paradox
5
Q
It is the study of the origin and development of an organism from a fertilized egg to the period resembling an adult form.
A
Embryology
6
Q
What are the importance of embryology?
A
- Foundation
- great diversity of
animals. - vertebrates different
7
Q
Importance of Embryology
Embryology is the foundation of modern sciences like? There are nine (9).
A
- anatomy
- pathology
- genetics
- evolution
- histology
- immunology
- physiology
- cellular biology
- ecology
8
Q
Importance of Embryology
Mechanisms on the development of the organisms are mainly responsible for the?
A
great diversity of animals
9
Q
Developmental Biology deals with? There are two (2).
A
- Organogenesis
- Postnatal Development
10
Q
This is the abnormal proliferation of cells (tumors), what is this?
A
Neoplastic Growth
11
Q
This is the regrowth of body parts from pieces of organism, what is this?
A
Regeneration
12
Q
It is the repair of tissue at levels of complexity ranging from the molecular to the organismal level.
A
Tissue Repair
13
Q
Developmental Genetics
It is involved in the development of
an organism, what is this?
A
Genetic mechanisms
14
Q
It is the manifestation of traits coded in the genes, what is this?
A
Developmental Genetics
15
Q
Developmental Genetics
Genotype is translated into?
A
Phenotype
16
Q
It is two times bigger than ordinary baby zebra (foal), what is this?
A
Zebroid foal
17
Q
What are the fields of embryology? There are six (6).
A
- Descriptive Embryology
- Comparative Embryology
- Experimental Embryology
- Chemical Embryology
- Reproductive Biology
- Teratology
18
Q
A field of embryology, where it accounts on the processes of development which transformed a single cell zygote to a multicellular organism. What is this?
A
Descriptive Embryology
19
Q
The Descriptive Embryology, answers the question of?
A
“what”
20
Q
What process does the Descriptive Embryology has?
A
A step by step process
21
Q
A field of embryology, that described the new techniques of serial section and of making three-dimensional wax plate reconstructions. What is this?
A
Descriptive Embryology
22
Q
A field of embryology, which is the analysis of similarities and differences in the development of different vertebrate groups. What is this?
A
Comparative Embryology
23
Q
The Comparative Embryology provides insight that “ontogeny recapitulates ______”
A
phylogeny
24
Q
The Comparative Embryology is in what century?
A
19th century
25
The Comparative Embryology provides valuable clues to taxonomic relationship among species by studying _________
embryonic development
26
**Comparative Embryology**
The driving force was the greatest interest in evolution, dominating factor in _______
biology
27
A field of embryology that led to the recognition of different modes of development of many species and adoption of a number of species as model systems for experimental studies. What is this?
Comparative Embryology
28
In Comparative Embryology, this stage in which embryos of different groups are virtually alike.
Stage 1
29
**Experimental Embryology**
Testing a hypothesis and manipulating the embryo by _______.
experiments
30
**Experimental Embryology**
It is the transplanting tissue between genetically similar individuals. What is this?
homotransplantation
31
**Experimental Embryology**
It is the transplanting tissue between different species. What is this?
xenotransplantation
32
He is one of the pioneers of Experimental Embryology. Who is he?
Wilhelm Roux
33
It is the acquisition of detailed structural information on embryos. What is this?
Experimental Embryology
34
It seeks to understand causative factors in the development by posing hypothesis and testing them by manipulating the embryos. What is this?
Experimental Embryology
35
Wilhelm Roux pioneered in the field of experimental embryology, what does his experiments provided a proof for? There are two (2).
1. preformation
2. epigenesis doctrine**
36
Wilhelm Roux coined the term. What is this term?
“developmental mechanics”
37
Waddington prefers the term of _______ because development is brought about by a series of causal interaction between the various parts. What term is this?
"Epigenetics"
38
He reminded that the genetic factors are among the most important determinants of development. Who is he?
Waddington
39
A field of embryology that arose from the rapid growth of research related to problems of conception and contraception. What is this field?
Reproductive Biology
40
Reproductive Biology has the problems of? There are two (2).
Problems of:
1. conception
2. contraception
41
The Reproductive Biology places a heavy emphasis on? There are five (5).
1. Normal gametogenesis
2. Transport of gametes and fertilization
3. Endocrinology of reproduction
4. Early embryonic development
5. Implantation of the mammalian embryo
42
A field of embryology that arose in 1930-1940 and it includes the chemical and physical events in development. As well as, the interaction of factors affecting development. What is this?
Chemical Embryology
43
The Chemical Embryology provided descriptive information about _______ and _______ events in the embryo. What are these?
chemical and physiological
44
A field of embryology that arose in middle ages and the study of birth defects that deals with abnormalities and malformations in development due to genetic events and exogenous factors. What is this?
Teratology
45
In Teratology, what are the examples of genetic events? There are three (3).
1. Mutations
2. Aneuploidy
3. Translocation
46
In Teratology, what are the examples of exogenous factors? There are four (4).
1. Drugs
2. Radiation
3. Alcohol
4. Bacteria and Viruses
47
It is a condition in which the long bones of the limbs are either absent or severely deficient.
Phocomelia
48
Phocomelia is derived from?
**Phoco** – seal
**Melia** - limb like a seal’s flipper
49
**Phoco**
seal
50
**Melia**
limb like a seal’s flipper
51
Phocomelia is caused by? There are two (2).
1. genetic inheritance
2. mutations
52
Phocomelia is caused by genetic inheritance and/or mutations due
to? There are two (2).
1. radiation
2. oral intake of a drug named **Thalidomide**
53
A drug which was prescribed as mild sedative to pregnant women. What is this?
Thalidomide
54
Developmental Biology includes the study of embryonic development, postnatal processes such as? There are four (4).
1. growth
2. metamorphosis
3. regeneration
4. tissue repair from molecular to the organismal level.
55
The Developmental Biology in contemporary society, ________ and __________ allowed childless couples to have children from their own genetic heritage (test tube baby).
1. in-vitro fertilization
(IVF)
2. embryo transfer
56
In Developmental Biology, what are those six (6) listed problems of IVF and ET?
1. Obtaining fertile eggs from mother by **laparoscopy** – problem of fertility drugs
2. Surrogate mothers--refusal to give up baby
3. Frozen embryos
4. Manipulation of embryos – chimeras, cloning
5. Gene transfer
6. Diagnosis of genetic diseases
57
What are the examples of Embryology In Contemporary Society? There are three (3).
1. Test-tube baby or In-vitro fertilization
2. Embryo transfer
3. Animal cloning
58
This is the process of creating a genetically identical living being. What is this?
Cloning
59
It is the first ever cloned animal. What is this?
Dolly
60
In cloning, the researchers from _________ were the ones who successfully produced a clone from an adult somatic cell. Where is this?
Roslin Institute
61
Who are the pioneers of Developmental Biology? There are sixteen (16).
1. Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.)
2. Galen (130-200 A.D.)
3. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and Hamm (1677)
4. Reiner De Graaf (1672)
5. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
6. Marcello Malpighi (17th Century)
7. Karl Ernst Von Baer (1792-1876)
8. Caspar Friedrich Wolff (18th century)
9. Matthias Schleiden and Theodroe Schwann
(1836-37)
10. August Weissman (1880)
11. Ernst Haeckel (1868)
12. Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch (1867-1941)
13. Hans Spemann & Hilde Mangold (1924)
14. Wilhelm Johannsen (1857-1957)
15. Wilhelm Roux (Late 1896)
16. Salome Gluecksohn Waelsch and Conrad Hal Waddington (1930)
62
A pioneer in developmental biology, which he posed the question on how the different parts of embryo were formed. Who is this?
Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.)
63
Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) defined the? There are two (2).
1. preformation
2. epigenesis.
64
It is a miniature embryo already existed and got bigger. What is this?
PREFORMATION
65
It is the gradual formation of new structure (like knitting of net). What is this?
EPIGENESIS
66
What are the Schools of Thought? The are two (2).
1. Spermists
2. Ovists
67
A type of "Schools of Thought", in which the sperm contained the new individual in miniature and is merely nourished in the ovum.
Spermists
68
In the Encasement Concept, it is the tiny human in the head of sperm.
“homunculus”
69
Some ________ believed that homunculus was curled up in the head of sperm.
preformationists
70
A type of "Schools of Thought", which argued that the ovum contained a minute body which was stimulated to grow by the
Ovists
71
He strengthened the ovists’ cause when he discovered that some of the eggs of insects can develop parthenogenetically. Who is he?
Charles Bonnet
72
A pioneer in developmental biology, where he learned much about the structure of relatively advanced fetuses. Who is he?
Galen (130-200 A.D.)
73
What is the restriction of the structure of relatively advanced fetuses according to Galen?
**Restriction:**
- The minute dimensions of early embryos prevented serious analysis.
74
What is the solution of the structure of relatively advanced fetuses according to Galen?
**Solution:**
- The development of the microscope (17th century).
75
A pioneer in developmental biology, who's the first to see human sperms with a crude microscope. Who is he?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and Hamm (1677)
76
What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and Hamm (1677) saw from a drop of pond water? There are three (3).
1. bacteria
2. protozoans
3. sperm cells
77
A pioneer in developmental biology, who's the founder of modern Reproductive Biology. He described the ovarian follicles and was first to describe the fallopian tubes.
Reiner De Graaf (1672)
78
A pioneer in developmental biology, who's an italian priest, physiologist, and natural scientist. He demonstrated that in normal circumstances, both female and male sex products are necessary for the initiation of development.
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
79
According to Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799), these are the necessary products for the initiation of development.
female and male sex products
80
A pioneer in developmental biology, an italian embryologist, he accurately described development of the chick in its egg. He also published the first microscopic account of chick development (1672).
Marcello Malpighi (17th Century)
81
Marcello Malpighi (17th Century) was unconvinced of epigenesis, why is this?
because the unincubated egg had many structures.
82
A pioneer in developmental biology, a russian zoologist, he developed the science of comparative embryology. He also proposed the existence of germ layers in embryos. He investigated on cleavage. He discovered the chick notochord and the mammalian egg. Who is he?
Karl Ernst Von Baer (1792-1876)
83
He developed the science of comparative embryology. Who is he?
Karl Ernst Von Baer (1792-1876)
84
“The more general basic features of any animal group appear earlier in development than do the special features that are peculiar to different members of the group.”
VON BAER’S LAW
85
He proposed the GERM LAYER THEORY (development of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Who is he?
Karl Ernst Von Baer (1792-1876)
86
Germ layer is the development of? There are three (3).
1. ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. endoderm
87
What does Von Baer’s Law interpret? There are three (3).
1. The general features of a large group of animals appear earlier in development than do the specialized featuresof a smaller group.
2. Demonstrated the existence of germ layers in embryos
3. With the formulation of the cell theory by Schleiden and Schwann, the foundation of modern embryology was laid down and embryology as a science began.
88
A german biologist who proposed that embryonic development occurs through progressive remodeling and growth. He supported the theory of epigenesis. Who is he?
Caspar Friedrich Wolff (18th century)
89
According to Caspar Friedrich Wolff (18th century), the development occurs through? There are two (2).
1. progressive remodeling
2. growth.
90
They are pioneers in developmental biology that are also german biologists who proposed the Cell Theory. Who are they?
Matthias Schleiden and Theodroe Schwann
(1836-37)
91
According to Matthias Schleiden and Theodroe Schwann (1836-37), what is the Cell Theory? There are three (3) statements.
1. Cells are the basic unit of life.
2. Cells arose only from cells.
3. Cells contain genetic information which is inherited by the offspring.
92
Matthias Schleiden and Theodroe Schwann (1836-37) said that the development must be via?
epigenesis
93
A german biologist, who observed sea urchin’s egg fertilization and cleavage. He also distinguished between soma (body) and germ cell line (gametes). Who is he?
August Weissman (1880)
94
**soma**
body
95
**germ-cell line**
gametes
96
It is the vehicle for protecting and perpetuating germ plasm. What is this?
SOMATIC CELLS
97
It is where offspring inherit their characteristics and important for perpetuation of the species. What is this?
GERM-CELLS
98
In generational mutation, what happened in the first generation?
1. The zygote divides to form both somatic cells (yellow) and germ cells (blue).
2. The somatic cells continue to divide, but any mutations that occur in them are not passed on to the next generation because they do not affect the germ line.
3. The germ cells remain unchanged and give rise to the next generation's zygote.
99
In generational mutation, what happened in the second generation?
1. A mutation occurs in one of the somatic cells (red). This mutation is confined to the somatic cells and does not impact the germ cells, which continue to produce the next generation's zygote without any alterations.
2. Consequently, the mutation is not inherited and affects only the individual where it occurred.
100
In generational mutation, what happened in the third generation?
1. A mutation occurs in one of the germ cells (red). This mutated germ cell contributes to the formation of the zygote of the next generation, resulting in all cells (both somatic and germ cells) of the offspring carrying the mutation.
2. As a result, this mutation is inherited by the following generations, demonstrating how changes in germ cells can affect the entire lineage.
101
According to August Weissman (1880), the zygote contains _______ which derived from the egg and sperm.
two nuclei
102
According to August Weissman (1880), the nuclei contain the factors that are ________ distributed in the daughter cells.
asymmetrically
103
According to August Weissman (1880), what are the factors that are asymmetrically
distributed in the daughter cells? There are two (2).
1. The fate of each cell is predetermined in the egg by the factors it would receive during cleavage.
2. This model was called **mosaic** since the egg is considered a mosaic of discrete localized determinants.
104
What does August Weissman (1880) assumed?
He assumed that there were factors in the nucleus that were distributed asymmetricaly to daughter cells during cleavage and directed their future development.
105
Major phases of the life cycle of a typical vertebrate (Reproductive life cycle). There are twelve (12) steps. Give the cycle.
ADULT
↓
gametogenesis
↓
egg + sperm
↓
Fertilization
↓
cleavage
↓
gastrulation
↓
organogenesis
↓
fetal growth
↓
hatching or birth
↓
juvenile
↓
ADULT
↓
gametogenesis
106
Post reproductive Period. There are three (3) steps. Give the cycle.
Adult
↓
senescence
↓
death
107
Ernst Haeckel (1868), a german zoologist, developed the controversial of?
"Recapitulation Theory/ Biogenetic Law"
- "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
108
A pioneer in developmental biology who claimed that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' entire evolutionary development, or phylogeny. Who is he?
Ernst Haeckel (1868)
109
A german biologist, who demonstrated that it was possible to remove large pieces from eggs, such as shuffling the blastomeres at will or
taking some away and thus interfere in many ways, yet not affect the resulting embryo. In which any single monad in the original egg
cell was capable of forming any part of
the completed embryo. Who is he?
Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch (1867-1941)
110
Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch (1867-1941) leads to the terms of? There are two (2).
1. totipotent cell (total + potential)
2. pluripotent cell
111
It can generate all cells in an organism.
Totipotent cell
112
It can generate certain cells in an organism.
Pluripotent cell
113
It is the ability of embryo to develop normally even if some cells are removed or rearranged.
Regulative Development
114
They discovered the Spemann-Mangold organizer. Who are they?
Hans Spemann & Hilde Mangold (1924)
115
A partial second embryo can be induced by grafting a small region of a new embryo onto a new site on another embryo. It grafted tissue was taken from the dorsal lip of the blastopore which was called organizer or evocator – responsible for controlling the organization of a complete embryonic body.
Transplantation Experiment
116
It is responsible for controlling the organization of a complete embryonic body. What is this?
organizer or evocator
117
A Danish biologist. He distinguished between genotype and phenotype.
Wilhelm Johannsen (1857-1957)
118
It is the genetic information or endowment of an organism acquired from its parents. What is this?
Genotype
119
It is the visible appearance, internal structure or biochemistry at any stage of development. What is this?
Phenotype
120
**Relationship between genotype and phenotype**
*How the ________ is “translated/expressed" during _______ to give rise to a functioning organism.*
1. **genetic endowment**
2. **development**
121
A German embryologist, who found the Ablation Experiment or
Embryonic Extirpation. And he state that the development of frog is based on Mosaic mechanism. Who is he?
Wilhelm Roux (Late 1896)
122
Took 2- and 4- cell frog
embryos and destroyed some of
the cells of each embryo with a
hot needle to determine
whether the remaining cell will
give rise to only half an embryo
or could restore the deficiency
during subsequent
development.
Ablation Experiment or
Embryonic Extirpation
123
Exaplain the Roux’s experiment to investigate Weissman’s theory of mosaic
development. There are
1. After the first cleavage of the frog embryo, one cell is killed by pricking it with needle; the other remains undamaged.
2. The undamaged cell divided as normal into many cells, contributing to half of the embryo.
3. The development of the blastocoel was also restricted to the undamaged half. In the damaged half of the embryo, no blastocoel appear to have formed.
4. At the neurula stage, the undamaged cell has developed into a solid portion resembling half a normal embryo.
124
A british biologists. They worked on mutant genes of mouse and Drosophila:
Genes encode proteins – determine the properties of a cell
during development
* integrated genetics and embryology = Developmental
Genetics
Salome Gluecksohn Waelsch and
Conrad Hal Waddington (1930)
125
- development is brought about by a series of causal interactions
between the various parts.
- reminds one that genetic factors are among the most important
determinants of development. What are the other factors?
EPIGENETICS
